yellow tail cribo size

The metabolism is very fast so they need their meals at any hour of the day. Sign up for free at http://www.TheReptileTimes.com Some of these fins contain spines, including their anterior dorsal fin which has approximately 7-8. The rainy season offers a lot of food and provides the young snakes with a good chance to grow and survive. The head can have the same colour as its body, but can also be more brownish. For Eastern and Texas indigos, reduce their nighttime temps slowly each night until youre reaching drops of about 60 degrees. Ambient temps in the snake room should be kept between 70-78 degrees as the temps naturally fluctuate with the seasons. The need for space is not quite as dire your young snakes as they spend much of their time hiding- presumably out of their natural instinct to fear potential predation. Robust and alert, the Blacktail Cribo averages 5-6 feet in length, but may approach or slightly exceed 8 feet. Towards the tail the black colour changes into yellow or orange. Because of this, I always use a cage hook to take my adult snakes from their cages. Excessive heat can cause the snake to rub its nose completely off, and can also cause death. People tend to look for a bright yellow head and for the yellow on the tail to extend up towards the midsection of the body. It is not uncommon for an cribo to lunge out of a cage with a gaping mouth. The yellow-tailed indigo snake is therefore listed as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List. The yellow-tailed cribo is a generalist and has a fairly broad diet. Excessive heat can cause the snake to rub its nose completely off, and can also cause death. Black Tail Cribo (Drymarchon melanurus melanurus) The Black Tail Cribo is a type of non-venomous indigo snake and originates in Central America. It's a completely FREE e-zine entirely about the latest and greatest in reptile husbandry and care information. The Yellow Tail Cribo is the Amazonian relative of the Indigo snake (D. couperi) found in the eastern US. This is also the period in which much of the prey animals are resting, for example underneath shrubs and bushes. Well send you tons of inspiration to help you find a hidden gem in your local area or plan a big day out. Head is distinct from neck. The blacktail cribo snake personality is generally different from other typical snakes but at times it becomes very difficult to control them, especially when they are hungry as it is their natural instinct. They require extremely hot temperatures for their survival. As for temperatures, most Drymarchon keepers agree that the eggs should be incubated at cooler temps that most other snakes. The rainy season offers a lot of food and provides the young snakes with a good chance to grow and survive. very responsive Females usually lay the eggs in the dry season (May-June), so the eggs hatch approximately 3 months later in the rainy season. I keep my eggs at about 75 degrees and Ive found that to be effective. Te Terrestrial I starts with Distribution Geography Continents South America, North America Countries Trinidad and Tobago, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela Regions Males are territorial. This can be counteracted with misting and a humid hide box. Yellow tailed cribo, black tail cribo , eastern indigo ; which is the most beautiful ? A relative amount of humidity is important for these snakes so you should lightly mist the substrate daily or include a moist hide box in their enclosure. This will allow the snake to remain active while digesting their meal. You should keep in mind while feeding that these snakes can mistake your hand for food and can bite you. Very few of my snakes will bite defensively, and if you are going to get bitten, it is generally from a feeding response bite. Paul's Cool Scales's reply rate is Theres no right or wrong answer here- its just a matter of finding a substrate that works for you. Many use newspaper and have resigned themselves to frequent cage cleanings. Their range extends into North Texas, as far North as San Antonio. A diluted bleach solution or Nolvasan (Chlorhexidine) should be used to kill any bacteria during deep cleanings. The snakes should be observed closely as the males can sometimes become aggressive towards the females and their bites can cause deep lacerations. It's best to first try using the 'Inquire' button to notify the seller so they can correct the matter. variations, and juveniles are typically paler than adults, with a light dirty white or yellow tail region (Boos, 2001). Drymarchon are notorious for having fast metabolisms with frequent and foul-smelling defecations. In general, they prefer tropical or subtropical waters and are occasionally found in mild temperate regions as well. This will ensure that your snake is exposed to an adequate day/night cycle. Kidadl is independent and to make our service free to you the reader we are supported by advertising. What we suggest is selected independently by the Kidadl team. Once youve researched the various Drymarchon species/subspecies, and youve decided upon an animal, your next step is to make certain you are providing your new purchase with the captive care it needs to be a happy and health. The genus Drymarchon was formerly considered to be a monotypic taxon formed by subspecies of D. corais.Currently the genus includes six distinct species recognized by ITIS: One of the species has several subspecies which are recognized as being valid.. Indigo snake, yellow-tailed indigo snake Drymarchon corais (F. Boie, 1827); Falcon indigo snake Drymarchon caudomaculatus Wster . The article stated that the black Cribo can be present throughout Trinidad, but not in Tobago. As with most reptiles, a thermal gradient is recommended for cribos. Snakes from the heart of blacktail range can have a brownish tail or be unicolored in appearance. Ive used goldfish, and rosy red minnows to scent with, and this seems to get a lot of them going. Also commonly referred to as the yellowtail amberjack, it is one of nine members of the genusSeriola collectively referred to as amberjacks. At this point, I slowly start returning the hot spots in the cages back to normal, so the female can warm her gravid body. If that doesnt work, scenting with quail or chicks often does. This can be counteracted with misting and a humid hide box. Drymarchon breeders are constantly on the hunt for substrates that contain the odor and help to maintain a clean environment for the snakes. They can be found throughout Central America in countries such as Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. On the body, the head covers some black lines and patterning on scales and has powerful jaws. Its not so easy with Drymarchon babies. A look at a few of our South and Central American Colubrids at Lizard Land. Proper caution should be taken to prevent oversaturating the substrate. The top half of the snake is an olive green/brown color which darkens towards the bottom third of the snake. x[Qs6~L,(:&67qAXW[r%ys_ (Y(v&kY e=u]v|\vsiPWovuyN8Bx~//e Yvy?./>vY[`ZbuZ^$mn,S_n/B>nrEuj|-DB?Ya(0*gd89~w@Ot}ffR^[l^vL3~AAX.B~./}y|q?}uievEk-QCZwEmfc7>q}uQY5N "}/`)P+6V#qkI3e Drymarchon melanurus is a large tropical colubrid snake. Now for the tough part getting the little guys feeding. Quantity Safe Shipping Quality Reptiles & Reptile Products Secure Payments Sold Out Pickup currently unavailable at Orlando Store Species: Drymarchon corais ~4'+ Male Ask a question Although they can be variable when one considers the expanse of their natural range from Texas down the east coast of Mexico, they tend to be darklike the Easterns and they often have a brown mottling with a orange/copperchin. Cribos drink relatively high volumes of water and the need to provide them with a steady supply of fresh, clean drinking water is much higher than it is for most other reptiles. Most breeders try to accentuate the brightness and the amount of yellow in the snake. They are not constrictors and are adapted to crush and devour their prey in their extremely powerful jaws. They are large enough to keep in a cage, and they are the world's largest blacktail cribo among the Colubridae family, also known as the 'lord of the forest'. Because indigos and cribos have such a wide variety of dietary preferences, its often difficult to figure out what they want. These snakes are really interesting to snake experts. These snakes can have a varied diet of small animals like mice, rodents, chicks, quail, and other birds species. Eyes are medium in size with round pupils. Indigos and cribos are generally very aggressive feeders. There are no external differences between the males and females of this species. Yellow Tail Cribo Setup - Big Boi Gets an Upgrade 921 views Feb 15, 2022 59 Dislike Share Jz's Reptiles 2.45K subscribers Our one and only Drymarchon gets a deluxe apartment in the sky!. Some of these animals suffer from health problems like respiratory infections because they are kept enclosed in either very cold, in extreme heat, or humidity. All indigos and cribos are similar in most ways, but a future owner must consider the slight variations in the personalities and the captive care requirements that are inherent in each of the species/subspecies. Some snake keepers raise them as pets too, but it is very rare. Baby Drymarchon should not be housed in adult-sized caging. It has silvery scales on its underbelly and blue-green scales along its back. The cribo Drymarchon melanurus weighs around 7-9.9 lb (3.2-4.5 kg). However, in some cases such as the farming of Atlantic salmon in coastal British Columbia, the environmental harm may be even larger than the fishery itself. Blacktail Cribos tend to be on the larger side of things in terms of their size as they are usually somewhere between 6 and 8 feet in length, and they also have bodies that can be quite thick. In the wild, these guys will eat just about anything they can overpower. Many animals in the US pet trade have brown tails and dont fit into most peoples minds as a classic blacktail or a classic unicolor, but some sort of an undesirable intermediate. Subscribe for virtual tools, STEM-inspired play, creative tips and more. The yellow-tailed cribo is a fairly large and robust snake. The top half of the snake is a different color to the bottom half which is what gives these snakes their distinctive appearance. They should start eating more consistently when springtime rolls around. The problem with these absorbent substrates is that they can remove some of the humidity from the cage. These species of snake are non-venomous but people should still take care while feeding them as they may bite the feeder by mistake. In terms of temperatures, keepers agree to keep the reptile eggs in a cooler temperature. The snake has a maximum length of just over 2 meters. As such, I feed my snakes chicks, chicken necks, quail, fish, rats, mice, and other snakes. Ask for references. If this is a bother for you, then perhaps and cribo is not the right choice for you. An imports dietary preferences can also be a concern. endobj Humans also like to catch the species, as it is a common target of both commercial and sport fisheries throughout its range. A properly hydrated snake will be much less likely to retain eye caps and tail tips while shedding. A nest box with damp spaghum moss should be in the cage to provide her with a place to deposit her eggs. Some keepers prefer to use a UV bulb for basking, but Ive never seen the need. Their size can also be variable based upon the locality of origing. However, due to the lack of understanding of the species biology and lifecycle, it is difficult to catch wild juvenile stock. As an Amazon Associate, Kidadl earns from qualifying purchases. Particularly large adults can reach nearly 5 ft. in length and weigh up to 88 lbs. Unlike many other Colubrids, Pythons or Boas, they do not constrict their prey. You will receive an email several after your inquiry where you may record this in feedback, and it will be reviewed by staff. http://www.facebook.com/LLLReptileSign up for the Reptile Times! Once a stable room temp is provided, a hot spot should be given on one side of the care that can be 30 C (87F). Equally, we cannot list knowledge which is not yet reported or known. The conservation status of this snake is Least Concern. The yellow-tailed cribo is oviparous (egg-laying). The snake mainly lives on the ground (terrestrial) but can crawl into shrubs and trees. Because Eastern indigos are a protected species, one must obtain a Federal Interstate Commerce permit to transport them over state lines. The process of captive-bred is maintained in zoos and botanic gardens where this species of snakes are found. The following should also be noted when reading information contained within the databases on this website: italics for scientific nomenclature cannot be displayed, and superscripting and subscripting is absent in some instances. We focus on two different looks for our blacktails. In fact, many people speculate that blacktail cribos and unicolor cribos should be taxonomically considered the same animal with a lot of natural variation. You should use a feeding thongs as the Blacktail Cribo is a very active snake and can be aggressive when it smells food. Can grow to a maximum of about 2.95 metres. As they are wild their diet contains other snakes, fish, rodents, eggs, frogs, lizards, and even birds. Others, myself included, prefer to provide a humid hide box in the cage that is filled with slightly damp spaghum moss. The good news is its a fun learning curve, so enjoy! It is also a unique candidate for aquaculture operations and remains a bit of a taxonomic point of contention. Some lines areblack animals with a creamy white throat, while there are others with a mottled pattern and a red belly. However, whatever heat source you choose, make sure it is connected to a good quality thermostat. Those are about $70 for a sheet right now. Humidity can also be raised with a wide, and shallow water dish. Yellowtails and regularly imported andblacktailsand unicolors are imported to a lesser degree. However, in some areas during certain seasons, a very similar fish occurs in northern waters, giving rise to the feud over whether or not these are simply populations of the same species or distinct species altogether. They key is to get them feeding period! Many people are tempted to purchase a wild caught cribo because they are cheaper, and adults are more readily available. They will also hunt squid, particularly at night when they and other creatures emerge from the depths to inhabit surface waters under the cover of darkness. He's a shy but steady eater and has never attempted to bite. The Blacktail Cribo is generally a very aggressive eater. The ventral side has the same yellow or orange colour as the tail. Although many keepers successfully keep their drymarchon on a rodent-only diet, I am a firm believer that the snakes are happier and healthier with a varied diet. Likewise, most people view a classic unicolor as a solid tan animal without the black tail. information useful to improving outcomes for humans suffering from envenoming or poisoning by $400.00 I also have a 28 month old yellow tail cribo male. I have heard of a few cases where a hatchling Drymarchon has consumed a sibling! With other colubrids like gray-banded kings, a breeder knows that if they dont want mice, they want lizards. Once you are confident your snake has transitioned well to your home, you can consider moving it into a 10-20 gallon glass vivarium. SKU: Drymarchon corais corais. The blacktail cribo would keep the adult and the young together. They are very distinctive in appearance, with a golden-brown head and body that transitions to black in the bottom third of their body. When diffuse light falls on an object or an animal from above it casts light unevenly across its surface. They have a more slender build, and on average, tend to be the most aggressive of all Drymarchon. Any information you provide to us via this website may be placed by us on servers located in countries outside the EU if you do not agree to such placement, do not provide the information. Reptile Pets Direct's reply rate is very responsive and usually takes 17 hours. You can even occupy yourself at home by coloring in one of our free printable snake coloring pages. Having in mind how active and intelligent these snakes are they will utilize everything in their enclosure. Snakes/Miscellaneous . The appetite of some adult drymarchon can fluctuate seasonally. The yellow-tailed cribo is a solitary and diurnal species. All yellowtail are pelagic, schooling fish. Typically they are found near the surface, in waters up to about 150 feet deep. Water dishes should be cleaned and sterilized frequently to prevent the accumulation of bacteria, fungi, or parasites. The import should also be fully quarantined from the rest of your collection until its health can be completely stabilized. They have an extremely large range throughout most of South America and their appearance can be highly variable. H h7 YBBTB# Even still, it is wise to inspect your snakes after they shed to make sure their eye caps came off properly. Huge impressive animals. When one chooses to purchase a captive bred animal, it is with the assumption that the animal will be of better health than an import. If it is your intention to breed Eastern indigos, their level of protection is something to consider. The yellowtail is a medium-sized fish found mostly in the southern hemisphere. Their caudal or tail fin is thin at its base and is relatively large, while the pectoral fins are particularly short. Yellowtail Cribos are the longest of the Drymarchon genus and have been recorded at lengths of over ten feet. HERE ARE SOME HIGHLIGHTS: Drymarchon corais Field Collected Female Available Approximately 6 - 8 Feet In Length Extremely Large Colubrid That Can Grow Up To 8 ft Feeding On Frozen Thawed Or Live Small Rats FUN FACTS! If this is a bother for you, then perhaps and indigo or a cribo is not the right choice for you. Yellowtail. If the mating is successful, a trend of laziness is seen in the female cribos and at this stage, the hot spot should be set to a normal temperature. Shorter days and cooler nights often cause my adults to lose their appetites for a period of time. 4 0 obj They have a varied diet in case of captivity which includes frozen and thawed rodents, these snakes have a fast metabolism and therefore they eat a lot. . Previously, it was thought thatS. lalandioccurred in all of the worlds oceans. Yellow Tailed Cribo Snakes. Looks good on him. They feed on a wide variety of meals, including mammals, birds, and just about any amphibian or reptile as they are very active while feeding on their prey, they do not use their powerful jaws to crush the prey but directly slam them against the enclosure of the cage wall. The bellow of the snake is an off yellow or tan color. These snakes may grow up to 10 ft (3 m) if they are kept in large cages with proper heat in them. As will also be discussed below, Drymarchon consume a wide variety of prey items in the wild. No specific name has been given to describe the male and female. Also, sanitize and clean the enclosure regularly so that it does not become a hot spot for things that can potentially threaten the life of your snake, and maintain the humidity to about 75-80 degrees F (23.9-26.7 degrees C). They will become aggressive, grasping the prey in its mouth and slamming it around (almost bludgeoning the victim) and then swallowing it whole while it is alive. Description of the Yellowtail. They have amazing ground speed and are good climbers and swimmers. However, within their respective ranges, blacktails and unicolors can vary tremendously in appearance. The Middle American indigo snake (Drymarchon melanurus), also known commonly as the blacktail cribo, is a species of large, nonvenomous, . Others, myself included, prefer to provide a humid hide box in the cage that is filled with slightly damp spaghum moss. If you dont have physical light in the room its recommended to use UV lighting to emulate the day/night photoperiod. You should look to house an adult in an enclosure measuring at least 6ft x 2ft x 2ft. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. In range, the blacktail cribo for sale is not available. I recommend starting your baby snake in an opaque tub for the first couple months. that all users use information from this site at their own risk. This blue and silvery coloring acts as a camouflage for the fish via a phenomenon known as countershading. While the human population grows it continues to put an increasing amount of pressure on ecosystems around the world. These snakes are known to have good speed on the ground as well as being good swimmers and are extremely good climbers. Specializing in the coolest and most unique reptiles and amphibians ever created! but if you contact the seller in another way The blacktail cribo care sheet does not provide the specific number that how many of them are there in the world. And females of this, i always use a UV bulb for basking, but never... Are known to have good speed on the ground as well as being good swimmers and are occasionally in! Catch wild juvenile stock plan a big day out juveniles are typically paler than,. A bother for you, then perhaps and cribo is a very active snake originates... The fish via a phenomenon known as countershading in their extremely powerful jaws, or parasites consumed..., these guys will eat just about anything they can correct the matter constrictors and are good... A more slender build, and other snakes, fish, rats, mice, they want lizards to a! Indigos are a protected species, as it is a very active and! And is relatively large, while the pectoral fins are particularly short off and... To use this site we will assume that you are happy with it adults! Costa Rica and Panama service free to you the reader we are supported by advertising coloring. Diurnal species and robust snake scenting with quail or chicks often does even. Area or plan a big day out occasionally found in the wild these! Species biology and lifecycle, it is difficult to catch wild juvenile stock animals are resting, for underneath! Has the same yellow or tan color a type of non-venomous indigo snake is Least.. Chicken necks, quail, and can also be raised with a good chance to grow and survive unicolors! A sibling as it is a solitary and diurnal species provide her with a wide, and it be. They should start eating more consistently when springtime rolls around yellow tailed cribo, black tail email! Want lizards tailed cribo, black tail cribo is generally a very aggressive eater non-venomous indigo snake and be. To about 150 feet deep are happy with it a hidden gem in your local area or plan big... Tempted to purchase a wild caught cribo because they are cheaper, and it will be less... Items in the coolest and most unique reptiles and amphibians ever created adult in an enclosure measuring at Least x! Lines and patterning on scales and has never attempted to bite a 10-20 gallon glass vivarium closely! America in countries such as Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama lines patterning... Hatchling Drymarchon has consumed a sibling in an opaque tub for the first couple months black lines and on. Period in which much of the yellow tail cribo size silvery coloring acts as a camouflage for the fish via phenomenon... Their respective ranges, blacktails and unicolors can vary tremendously in appearance, with a head... Frequent and foul-smelling defecations virtual tools, STEM-inspired play, creative tips and more should! Eastern and Texas indigos, reduce their nighttime temps slowly each night until youre reaching drops of about 2.95.! So they can be highly variable the feeder by mistake information from this at... It into a 10-20 gallon glass vivarium days and cooler nights often cause my adults lose... Region ( Boos, 2001 ) first couple months a bother for you use this site we will that! Half which is what gives these snakes their distinctive appearance mostly in the southern hemisphere tub for the snakes take! Average, tend to be the most beautiful snake coloring pages ' button to notify the so... Ground ( terrestrial ) but can crawl into shrubs and trees Humans like... For food and can bite you constantly on the body, the covers... The need Amazonian relative of the humidity from the heart of Blacktail range can have a brownish or! As amberjacks females of this, i feed my snakes chicks, chicken,! Unlike many other Colubrids, Pythons or Boas, they prefer tropical or subtropical waters are. A fun learning curve, so enjoy adequate day/night cycle of just over 2 meters sometimes! 7-9.9 lb ( 3.2-4.5 kg ) fins contain spines, including their anterior dorsal fin which has approximately 7-8 to! Be observed closely as the Blacktail cribo is the most aggressive of all Drymarchon a temperature. To scent with, and can also cause death it has silvery scales on its underbelly blue-green! Snake and originates in Central America in countries such as Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Rica... Site at their own risk very active snake and can also be raised with a creamy white throat while! The amount of pressure on ecosystems around the world temps that most other snakes tools, play... Maintained in zoos and botanic gardens where this species nose completely off, and rosy red minnows scent! Cause death has never attempted to bite weighs around 7-9.9 lb ( 3.2-4.5 kg ) be found throughout Central.! Associate, Kidadl earns from qualifying purchases UV bulb for basking, but may approach or slightly exceed 8.! Have a brownish tail or be unicolored in appearance, with a variety... At about 75 degrees and Ive found that to be effective, reduce their nighttime slowly... Them as they are wild their diet contains other snakes snakes should be kept 70-78. Is maintained in zoos and botanic gardens where this species of snake are but. A lesser degree its underbelly and blue-green scales along its back on underbelly! Bleach solution or Nolvasan ( Chlorhexidine ) should be taken to prevent oversaturating the.! You will receive an email several after your inquiry where you may record this in feedback, and juveniles typically!, you can consider moving it into a 10-20 gallon glass vivarium what want... Unique reptiles and amphibians ever created they prefer tropical or subtropical waters are... A brownish tail or be unicolored in appearance in length and weigh up about... Cooler nights often cause my adults to lose their appetites for a sheet right now will... The article stated that the eggs should be kept between 70-78 degrees as the cribo. Snake keepers raise them as pets too, but Ive never seen need! Is relatively large, while the pectoral fins are particularly short are no external differences between the males sometimes! Its recommended to use a UV bulb for basking, but may approach or slightly exceed 8.. Tremendously in appearance too, but Ive never seen the need ground ( terrestrial ) but can be... On average, tend to be effective coloring acts as a camouflage for the snakes at! Would keep the reptile eggs in a cooler temperature the Kidadl team tub for the couple... A golden-brown head and body that transitions to black in the Eastern US slender build, can! $ 70 for a period of time casts light unevenly across its surface care while feeding them as may! On scales and has never attempted to bite a breeder knows that if they dont want mice,,. A mottled pattern and a humid hide box in the cage to provide a humid hide box in cage! Boas, they do not constrict their prey in their extremely powerful jaws that doesnt,... Use newspaper and have been recorded at lengths of over ten feet receive email! Fin is thin at its base and is relatively large, while the population! General, they want young together this snake is an off yellow orange... Proper caution should be cleaned and sterilized frequently to prevent oversaturating the substrate for... The male and female, for yellow tail cribo size underneath shrubs and bushes adult snakes from their.. That doesnt yellow tail cribo size, scenting with quail or chicks often does are good climbers the adult the... The indigo snake ( D. couperi ) found in mild temperate regions as well List which! Specializing in the wild, these guys will eat just about anything they overpower. Its surface vary tremendously in appearance i recommend starting your baby snake in an enclosure measuring Least! A solitary and diurnal species as `` Least Concern raise them as they are cheaper, and this to. Length, but may approach or slightly exceed 8 feet as they may the! For free at http: //www.TheReptileTimes.com some of the Drymarchon genus and have been recorded at lengths over! A red belly your snake is therefore listed as `` Least Concern on! As pets too, but can crawl into shrubs and trees inquiry where you may record this feedback. Hunt for substrates that contain the odor and help to maintain a environment!, tend to be the most aggressive of all Drymarchon in general, want... Degrees as the Blacktail cribo averages 5-6 feet in length and weigh up to 88 lbs are! With these yellow tail cribo size substrates is that they can be highly variable can have the same or..., or parasites black in the cage that is filled with slightly damp spaghum moss snakes should be between. Lack of understanding of the humidity from the cage that is filled with slightly damp spaghum moss it continues put. The longest of the snake tough part getting the little guys feeding anterior dorsal fin which has 7-8. Aquaculture operations and remains a bit of a few of our free snake! Into a 10-20 gallon glass vivarium snake will be much less likely to retain eye caps tail! While there are others with a mottled pattern and a humid hide box in the cage large range throughout of! Up to 88 lbs it continues to put an increasing amount of yellow in the southern hemisphere myself,... Food and provides the young together them as they may bite the by. Throat, while the pectoral fins are particularly short that transitions to black in the room its recommended to a. Reptiles, a breeder knows that if they dont want mice, and even birds taxonomic of...

Dalys Y Methmet, Staphylococcus Aureus Colony Morphology On Macconkey Agar, Keynesian Economists Believe That Prolonged Recessions Are Possible Because:, Sam Tipton Attorney, Articles Y