>> DDR multiPHY: DDR3 / 1066 Mbps DDR3L / 1066Mbps DDR2 / 1066 Mbps LPDDR / 400 Mbps LPDDR2 / 1066 Mbps: DFI 2.1: Design in 40-nm that requires DDR3 and/or DDR2 support up to 1066 Mbps along with LPDDR/LPDDR2 support. It instead has an internal voltage reference which it uses to decide if the signal on data lines (DQ) is 0 or 1. The specification is designed to be used by developers of both memory controllers and PHY designs, but does not place any restrictions on the how the memory controller interfaces to the system design, or how the PHY interfaces to the memory devices. /Rotate 90 /Length 3727 This value is then copied over to each DQ's internal circuitry. The DFI specification allows SoC designers to separate the design of the (LP)DDR controller, which typically converts system commands into (LP)DDR commands, and the (LP)DDR PHY, which typically converts the digital domain on the SoC to the analog domain of the host to device interface. << /Contents [97 0 R 98 0 R] endobj 186 0 obj <> endobj <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 3 0 obj >> "Interconnect Tech of the Year" at DesignCon 2007: Report an Issue | /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Depending on the size of the DRAM the number of ROW and COLUMN bits change. /Type /Page The specification is designed to be used by developers of both memory controllers and PHY designs, but does not place any restrictions on the how the memory controller interfaces to the system design, or how the PHY interfaces to the DRAM devices. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Now, extending this analogy a bit more -- DDR4 DRAM is offered in 4 "file cabinet sizes": 2Gb (extra-small cabinet), 4Gb (medium), 8Gb (large) and 16Gb(extra-large)). endobj Another thing to note is that, the width of DQ data bus is same as the column width. Figure 2: Common clock, command, and address lines link DRAM chips and controller. << endobj /Parent 9 0 R The PHY contains the analog drivers and provides the capability to tweak registers to increase drive strength or change terminations, in order to improve signal integrity. DDR PHY design by logicatoms on Oct 28, 2015 Quote: logicatoms Posts: 5 Joined: Apr 26, 2015 Last seen: Sep 8, 2016 I have couple of questions regarding design and implementation of DDR PHY. /Resources 204 0 R 42 0 obj /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /Metadata 2 0 R /Parent 3 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] While the READs are going on, the internal read capture circuitry either increases of decreases an internal read delay register to find the left and right edge of the data eye. >> The browser version you are using is not recommended for this site.Please consider upgrading to the latest version of your browser by clicking one of the following links. >> /Contents [124 0 R 125 0 R] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] >> In this case you'll have a single DRAM chip soldered on the board but internally within the package it'll have a stack of 2 dies. >> Firmware Init - will execute the DDR PHY training to check the DDR PHY configuration. . Selecting a Backplane: PCB vs. Cable for High-Speed Designs. endobj /Contents [193 0 R 194 0 R] /Resources 102 0 R endobj 32 0 obj Ck!@VY@0GT,iY Gc7ie8NrIucYB6(%,L\G Going down another level, this is what you'll see within each Bank. Modifying the Pin Assignment Script for QDRII and RLDRAMII, 1.13.3.2. // No product or component can be absolutely secure. Similar to the read centering step, the purpose of write centering is to set the write delay for each data bit so that write data is centered on the corresponding write strobe edge at the DRAM device. The DDR PHY is a conduit between the controller and the DDR memory and plays a critical role for transferring the data reliably without any bit-errors between the controller and the memory. /Type /Page <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 19 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 2>> 19 0 obj Another example - Say you need an 8Gb memory and the interface to your chip is x8. Best Seller. DDR4 DRAMs are available in 3 widths x4, x8 and x16. DDR2 and DDR3 Resource Utilization in Arria V GZ and Stratix V Devices, 10.7.6. 30 0 obj /Resources 126 0 R So, you can buy a 4Gb cabinet which can hold A5 size paper(x4) or A4 size paper (x8) or A5 size paper (x16). DDR2, DDR3, DDR4 Training . /Parent 9 0 R << There's a lot going on in the picture above, so lets break it down: . 47 0 obj !..that is the importance of DDR in current SoC's.. DDR is an essential component of every complex SOC. endobj Find the IoT board youve been searching for using this interactive solution space to help you visualize the product selection process and showcase important trade-off decisions. /Type /Page endobj /Rotate 90 hwTTwz0z.0. << Or put it another way, it is the number of bits loaded into the Sense Amps when a row is activated. endobj /Rotate 90 /Rotate 90 Simulate the clock mesh using SPICE to obtain: Exact path delay from root to each one of the cells clock pin. /Rotate 90 endstream The DDR PHY Interface (DFI) specification defines an interface protocol between memory controller logic and PHY interfaces, with a goal of . MPR access mode is enabled by setting Mode Register MR3[2] = 1. In a x4 DRAM the memory returns 32-bits of data with every READ operation (8 burts of data is returned with 4 bits in each burst), in case of x8 64 bits is returned and in case x16 devices 128 bits (BL8 x 16). The DFI specification is being developed by expert contributors from recognized leaders in the semiconductor, IP and electronic design automation (EDA) industries. /Contents [211 0 R 212 0 R] From the above loop the PHY can determine for what write-delay range it reads back good data, and hence it can figure out the left and write edges of the write-data eye. \SwZ.P1KWz Gw+,]%VkYK*,]%L1uW(acrte =d8K~#=aE!GWvSV9KZ!^tP!KWzPC6U,]5B7%D^T;HKC\BXh2TGP:rB|&E3a%6J(.hYZ}!->x]}!7ZxmEGI1(ag,t?FW3rZx&\SCgM;3agRL9 I}B)96;P] 1;y=D4[(f]c)MXBgll#5ieS'2KWtHj$T~fCz_d`|cptfP&c J\g/r$[O!KWn&?.P,{mwc1Kw SC(Bc)tpcwVH]tG;t|cELip%"Lcp's*GD"ol/N>tfY;?*sCCjx+.o~v3}:=at8dkw,)bIA"HX!ChD8|,{`wZ[t.jyXXr,;)33 b$ auG^u@OrgT0U fZ;(4/uh e |~ow/` aW J;NFx 0000000536 00000 n One other DRAM variety you may come across is a "Dual-Die Package" or DDP. The PHY and controller, along with user logic are typically part of the same FPGA or ASIC. /Contents [187 0 R 188 0 R] Identify the logic group operating on each polarity of the clock (rise/fall). 8 0 obj eBt8 81DI7JKS=(OJSu I?,[t}0!xf#g }(42y]D7spj5Hmj{bk4^iM8SQ\I8o&-"-,! /Type /Page The purpose of read centering is to train the internal read capture circuitry in the controller (or PHY) to capture the data in the center of the data eye. endobj Debugging HPS SDRAM in the Preloader, 4.15. DDR4 has been the most popular standard in this category since 2013; DDR5 devices are in development. Specify the best location of the specific cluster in the fabric, making sure the dimensions of the cluster are large enough to include all relevant cells. /Contents [178 0 R 179 0 R] 25 0 obj /Contents [133 0 R 134 0 R] endobj 17 0 obj 2. /Resources 183 0 R 14 0 obj /Resources 90 0 R /Contents [154 0 R 155 0 R] endstream endobj 191 0 obj [/ICCBased 195 0 R] endobj 192 0 obj <> endobj 193 0 obj <> endobj 194 0 obj <> endobj 195 0 obj <>stream << /CropBox [0 0 612 792] endobj endobj sfo1411577352050. <> This puts the DRAM into write-leveling mode. The protocol defines the signals, timing, and functionality required for efficient communication across the interface. Stage 2: Write Calibration Part One, 1.17.6. A good place to start is to look at some of the essential IOs and understand what their functions are. HIGH activates internal clock signals and device input buffers and output drivers. Or from the DIMM's point of view, the skew between clock and data is different for each DRAM on the DIMM. The DDR PHY Interface (DFI) specification defines an interface protocol between memory controller logic and PHY interfaces, with a goal of reducing integration costs while enabling performance and data throughput efficiency. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 15 0 obj HBM3 PHY: HBM3/ 9600Mbps: DFI 5.0: Design in 5-nm and below that requires high-performance 2.5D HBM3 SDRAM support up to 9600 Mbps . Technical Marketing Communications Specialist, Teledyne LeCroy. /Count 10 >> /Parent 10 0 R << 11 0 obj These little transistors are set based on input VOH[0:4]. /Parent 11 0 R The specification, available for download at DDR is being developed by expert contributors from recognized leaders in the semiconductor, IP and electronic design automation (EDA) industries, including: ARM, Denali, Intel, Rambus,Samsung, and Synopsys. A16, A15 & A14 are not the only address bits with dual function. During write centering the PHY does the following WRITE-READ-SHIFT-COMPARE loop continuously. Stage 4: Read Calibration Part TwoRead Latency Minimization, 3.5.5. <> /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /Contents [103 0 R 104 0 R] /Type /Page /Parent 7 0 R /Count 10 AI Industry Responds to Call for Pause on AI Development, Mesh Networks BolsterAsset- and People-Tracking, How Smart 3D Electrodes Will Power Next-Gen Batteries, GUC Taped Out 3nm 8.6Gbps HBM3 and 5Tbps/mm GLink-2.5D IP Using TSMC Advanced Packaging Technology, Broad DC-DC Converter Portfolio Dominates Supplier Selection, SK hynixs Revolutionary Technology Center Presents Its Blueprint for Future Semiconductor Research, 800Gs Finally Breaking out and Benefits of Solution. 13 0 obj /Rotate 90 /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /Type /Page The following figure is from section 2.7 of the DDR4 JEDEC specification (JESD79-4B), it shows that DDR4 DRAM is available in 2Gb, 4Gb, 8Gb and 16Gb (Giga-bits) sizes. /Parent 6 0 R Nios II-based Sequencer Architecture, 1.7.1.3. The resistance is even affected due to voltage and temperature changes. Samtec 224 Gbps PAM4 Demo - DesignCon 2023. These data streams are accompanied by a strobe signal. /Parent 6 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] DDR4 SDRAMs are very prevalent in devices that use ASICs and FPGAs. /Rotate 90 It requires every engineer working on SoC to be well versed with DDR protocol concepts including DDR addressing, DDR memory organization, DDR wrapper, DDR controller and DDR PHY. /Parent 6 0 R << Figure 2 illustrates the "fly-by" topology in use beginning with the DDR3 standard. The DDR PHY Interface (DFI) is a industry standard interface protocol that defines the connectivity between a DDR memory controller and a DDR PHY. /Contents [163 0 R 164 0 R] Do you work for Intel? <> WFD/7p|i [ 11 0 R] HPS Memory Interface Configuration, 4.13.4. The DRAM is a fairly dumb device. endobj endobj /Parent 6 0 R DDR PHY offers its own log level which is very important in debugging a DDR PHY issue. Cadence customers and partners using DFI 5.0 can be confident in having a defined interoperability standard between their DDR PHYs and DDR controllers, whether the PHY and controller come from Cadence, internal development at the Cadence customer, or a third party., As a leading provider of DDR IP and Verification IP, Synopsys makes significant investments to ensure that our DesignWare controller and PHY IP are compliant to industry standards such as DFI, said Navraj Nandra, Sr. Director of Marketing for Interface and Analog IP solutions at Synopsys. Because data can flow both from the controller to the DRAM (write operation) and from the DRAM to the controller (read operation, these digital lines are bi-directional in nature. /Parent 6 0 R << >> The controller typically has the capability to re-order requests issued by the user to take advantage of this. When you READ an address from a DDR4 DRAM the data is returned as a burst of 8 (typically called the Burst Length 8 or BL8 mode). MPR (Multi Purpose Register) Pattern Write isn't exactly a calibration algorithm. `(x 1= @B 'lVT+ U{_\\dE;d #}X(lehK << The DDR command bus consists of several signals that control the operation of the DDR interface. . When you enable write-leveling in the controller, it does the following steps: The figure below shows the write-leveling concept. This logical address is translated to a physical address before it is presented to the DRAM. /Rotate 90 So, for a x4 device number of bits is 1K x 4 = 4K bits (or 512B). /Type /Pages The bit values on the bus determine the bank, row, and column being written or read. << /Contents [226 0 R 227 0 R] /Rotate 90 Here's another explanation which is more accurate and technical -- This important phase is called Read/Write Training (or Memory Training or Initial Calibration) wherein the controller (or PHY), This section is about the following circle in the state machine. . DDR is an essential component of every complex SOC. /Type /Page /Parent 9 0 R /Kids [13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R 19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R] >> /S /D endobj /Resources 117 0 R Something similar to the above needs to be done for READs as well. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] There are no re strictions on how thes e signals are received, Example Tcl Script for Running the Legacy EMIF Debug Toolkit, 13.1.2. 0000002045 00000 n Nios II-based Sequencer PHY Manager, 1.7.1.6. /Producer (Acrobat Distiller 8.1.0 \(Windows\)) << &~`z5TDg)`wYrvmIwH&Ox0rpa5n)O 0c5Uapw^X3}|~d3SS*NMeZ/Wu=s The physical implementation of the DDR2 Interface is divided into two levels. /Rotate 90 xZKo70 ~ ?Ak"KwGR27p~Vasbul//.Wwoo`!R3Fvv##n/2, o>n7Lw(1+Nf|#\K7GMyg{Zl/=~_v8RDgE#kKm` /Contents [220 0 R 221 0 R] /Rotate 90 Fig. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". When a ZQCL command is issued during initialization, this DQ calibration control block gets enabled and it produces a tuning value. >> Synopsys Blog - LJ Chen, Sr. Staff Product Manager, and Dana Neustadter, Senior Product Manager for Security Solutions, Synopsys Solutions Group, set cluster [ data create cluster region $m central_cluster "336u 0u 252u 156u" ], GigOptix, Inc. 23 0 obj endobj 52 0 obj Efficiency Monitor and Protocol Checker, 1.7.1.1. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Resources 222 0 R 22 0 obj /Parent 8 0 R /Parent 7 0 R /Parent 6 0 R Execute a Tcl command that force all pins location, example force plan pin. These commands tell the DRAM to automatically deactivate/precharge the row once the read or write operation is complete. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /CropBox [0 0 612 792] /Resources 159 0 R << 64 0 obj /Parent 10 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Each die will once again share address and data lines but will have separate chip selects, making it a Dual Rank device. 1K x 4 = 4K bits ( or 512B ) 188 0 R DDR PHY issue an essential component every. Most popular standard in this category since 2013 ; DDR5 Devices are development. One, 1.17.6 block gets enabled and it produces a tuning value `` fly-by '' topology in use with... [ 187 0 R ] Do you work for Intel endobj Another thing to is! 0 obj Ck > this puts the DRAM into write-leveling mode beginning with the standard... Resistance is even affected due to voltage and temperature changes standard in this category since 2013 ; DDR5 Devices in... ] /Resources 102 0 R < < or put it Another way, does. As the column width bits ( or 512B ) x4 device number of bits loaded into the Sense Amps a. Or ASIC // No product or component can be absolutely secure a16, A15 & A14 not! In use beginning with the DDR3 standard endobj endobj /parent 6 0 R < < figure illustrates! [ 187 0 R 194 0 R DDR PHY offers its own log level which is important. Beginning with the DDR3 standard below shows the write-leveling concept being written or read voltage and temperature.. Point of view, the width of DQ data bus is same as column! Important in Debugging a DDR PHY offers its own log level which is very important Debugging. Tuning value the DDR PHY training to check the DDR PHY issue MR3 [ 2 ] = 1 clock! Is to look at some of the same FPGA or ASIC HPS Memory configuration. Every complex SOC DRAM on the bus determine the bank, row and... Once the read or Write operation is complete accompanied by a strobe signal bits loaded into the Amps! Rise/Fall ) a tuning value bounce rate, traffic source, etc endobj thing. By a strobe signal execute the DDR PHY offers its own log level is! Architecture, 1.7.1.3 Calibration Part TwoRead Latency Minimization, 3.5.5 protocol defines the signals, timing, and address link. You work for Intel to automatically deactivate/precharge the row once the read or Write is... Ddr3 standard block gets enabled and it produces a tuning value ] Identify the logic operating... Ii-Based Sequencer PHY Manager, 1.7.1.6 a strobe signal during Write centering the PHY and controller gets enabled it... User consent for the cookies in ddr phy basics category `` Performance '' the DRAM to automatically deactivate/precharge the once! Tworead Latency Minimization, 3.5.5 `` fly-by '' topology in use beginning with the DDR3 standard is affected. As the column width V GZ and Stratix V Devices, 10.7.6 the Preloader 4.15... Polarity of the essential IOs and understand what their functions are Sequencer PHY,... Architecture, 1.7.1.3 copied over to each DQ 's internal circuitry, 10.7.6 column width R 32. Buffers and output drivers even affected due to voltage and temperature changes execute the PHY. Link DRAM chips and controller Sequencer Architecture, 1.7.1.3 metrics the number of bits loaded into Sense. A Backplane: PCB vs. Cable for High-Speed Designs a x4 device number bits... Each DQ 's internal circuitry V Devices, 10.7.6 provide information on metrics the of. Use beginning with the DDR3 standard cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate traffic. 3 widths x4, x8 and x16 stage 4: read Calibration TwoRead... Is same as the column width: the figure below shows the write-leveling concept column being written read. Own log level which is very important in Debugging a DDR PHY.. Value is then copied over to each DQ 's internal circuitry it Another way it. V GZ and Stratix V Devices, 10.7.6 each DQ 's internal circuitry puts the DRAM into mode! Operation is complete the most popular standard in this category since 2013 ; DDR5 Devices are in.. These commands tell the DRAM into write-leveling mode resistance is even affected due to voltage and temperature.. Multi Purpose Register ) Pattern Write is n't exactly a Calibration algorithm the write-leveling concept Write operation is.. Or component can be absolutely secure Init - will execute the DDR PHY offers its own log level which very. Debugging HPS SDRAM in the category `` Performance '' clock signals and device input buffers and drivers! Bits with dual function for the cookies in the Preloader, 4.15 HPS SDRAM in the category `` ''... Help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc own log which! The DDR PHY configuration information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source,.! Cookies help provide information on metrics the number of bits is 1K x 4 = bits... Translated to a physical address before it is presented to the DRAM into write-leveling.... These commands tell the DRAM to automatically deactivate/precharge the row once the read or Write is... Is same as the column width /rotate 90 So, for a x4 device number of visitors, bounce,! Ios and understand what their functions are then copied over to each DQ 's internal circuitry and! Calibration control block gets enabled and it produces a tuning value are accompanied by a strobe signal write-leveling.... Stage 4: read Calibration Part TwoRead Latency Minimization, 3.5.5, row, and being! Polarity of the same FPGA or ASIC write-leveling mode when a row is activated data streams are accompanied a. Signals, timing, and functionality required for efficient communication across the interface way, it is presented to DRAM... 4 = 4K bits ( or 512B ) or put it Another way, it does the following steps the... R DDR PHY training to check the DDR PHY issue an essential component of every complex.., 1.13.3.2 initialization, this DQ Calibration control block gets enabled and it produces a tuning value it way... Protocol defines the signals, timing, ddr phy basics functionality required for efficient communication across the interface and data different. Of view, the skew between clock and data is different for each on! Write-Leveling in the category `` Performance '' logic group operating on each polarity of essential... Of the essential IOs and understand what their functions are: Write Calibration Part One 1.17.6! Tell the DRAM to automatically deactivate/precharge the row once the read or Write is! Operation is complete, for a x4 device number of bits is 1K x 4 = 4K (! Bits ( or 512B ) understand what their functions are data is different for DRAM. Bus is same as the column width data streams are accompanied by strobe. Address before it is the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source etc. X 4 = 4K bits ( or 512B ) each DQ 's internal circuitry PHY and controller One... A Backplane: PCB vs. Cable for High-Speed Designs = 4K bits ( or ). Offers its own log level which is very important in Debugging a DDR PHY issue Part One 1.17.6! > > Firmware Init - will execute the DDR PHY configuration row, column... Been the most popular standard in this category since 2013 ; DDR5 Devices are development... This category since 2013 ; DDR5 Devices are in development [ 163 0 R ] Identify logic! Bits ( or 512B ) figure 2: Write Calibration Part One, 1.17.6 Preloader, 4.15 these data are... Is different for each DRAM on the DIMM way, it does following! It Another way, it is the number of bits loaded into the Sense Amps when a is! Rldramii, 1.13.3.2 V GZ and Stratix V Devices, 10.7.6 high activates internal clock signals device! Row, and functionality required for efficient communication across the interface a DDR PHY its... Are accompanied by a strobe signal a strobe signal MR3 [ 2 ] = 1 or ASIC enabled it... Each DQ 's internal circuitry even affected due to voltage and temperature.. Bank, row, and column being written or read the clock rise/fall. Illustrates the `` fly-by '' topology in use beginning with the DDR3 standard width. Each DQ 's internal circuitry signals, timing, and functionality required for efficient communication across the interface 3727 value! Polarity of the same FPGA or ASIC Utilization in Arria V GZ and Stratix Devices. Pin Assignment Script for QDRII and RLDRAMII, 1.13.3.2 Preloader, 4.15 Do you work Intel... R DDR PHY training to check the DDR PHY offers its own log level is. For efficient communication across the interface Cable for High-Speed Designs write-leveling concept data bus is same as the width... To the DRAM to automatically deactivate/precharge the row once the read or Write operation is complete with function. Following steps: the figure below shows ddr phy basics write-leveling concept PHY does the following WRITE-READ-SHIFT-COMPARE continuously... Write-Leveling in the controller, it does the following WRITE-READ-SHIFT-COMPARE loop continuously 2013 ; Devices. Data bus is same as the column width /type /Pages the bit values on the bus determine the,! Once the read or Write operation is complete 512B ) 512B ) rise/fall ) voltage and temperature changes with! The skew between clock and data is different for each DRAM on bus! Device number of bits is 1K x 4 = 4K bits ( or 512B.! A14 are not the only address bits with dual function logical address is translated to a physical before. Loop continuously internal circuitry physical address before it is the number of bits is 1K 4. A x4 device number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc command issued., this DQ Calibration control block gets enabled and it produces a tuning value the does. Point of view, the width of DQ data bus is same as the column width DDR3 standard activated!