Furthermore, reading the natural history entries in book 11 as related to the avian god illuminates how central humming-birds were as markers of the dry and rainy seasons and their effects in Nahua social and ritual life. The Spanish also had earlier drafts in their archives. It now features items in 87 languages and about all 194 United Nations member states. He developed a methodology with the following elements: These methodological innovations substantiate historians' claim that Sahagn was the first anthropologist. Written between 1540 and 1585, The Florentine Codex (so named because the manuscript has been part of the Laurentian Library's collections since at least 1791) is the most authoritative statement we have of the Aztecs' lifeways and traditionsa rich and intimate yet panoramic view of a doomed people. Addeddate 2020-08-04 17:49:51 Identifier floretine_codex_backup Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t7ds1w682 Ocr on August 11, 2022, There are no reviews yet. Book I-The Gods, Number 14, Part II, 1950 . [22] Both men present descriptions of the cosmos, society and nature of the late medieval paradigm. What Are the Publics Attitudes toward a Changing and Uncomfortable Past? Download. Peterson, "The Florentine Codex Images," p. 279. He worked on this project from 1545 up until his death in 1590. This particular book is about the Spanish invasion of Mexico in 1519 and their eventual consolidation of power in the capital. Peterson, "The Florentine Codex Imagery," p. 274. Could the Mexica toztli have been a sun parakeet? By : Frances Berdan; 1997 . Its 1,845 illustrations elucidate that text. The codex, one of the most important sources for the history of pre-Columbian and early post-Columbian Mexico, is among recent additions to the World Digital Library (www.wdl.org), the Library of Congresss flagship international digital collaboration. Bernardino de Sahagn. He did so in the native language of Nahuatl, while comparing the answers from different sources of information. Florentine Codex, Book 12, Ch 01. and trans., We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993). If you are author or own the copyright of this book, please report to us by using this DMCA report form. Florentine Codex: Book 1: Book 1: The Gods (Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain) (Volume 1) by Bernardino de Sahagun, Arthur J. O. Anderson, et al. Charles E. Dibble (1909-2002) was an anthropologist, linguist, and scholar specializing in Mesoamerican cultures. 256 Pages, 7 color photos, 99 color and 11 b&w illus., 1 b&w map. Also available Magazines, Music and other Services by pressing the "DOWNLOAD" button, create an account and enjoy unlimited. Although many of the images show evidence of European influence, a careful analysis by one scholar posits that they were created by "members of the hereditary profession of tlacuilo or native scribe-painter. For a history of this scholarly work, see Miguel Len-Portilla, Howard F. Cline, "Evolution of the Historia General" in, Lpez Austin, "The Research Method of Fray Bernardino De Sahagn: The Questionnaires. Information about the Medicea Laurenziana Library can be found at www.bml.firenze.sbn.it/ External. Perhaps the most important Aztec codex which details Aztec life before the Spanish conquest is the Florentine Codex. Telleth of the god named Yiacatecutli (Lord of the Vanguard)20. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. ): The Nomadic Object: The Challenge of World for Early Modern Religious Art (Intersections, Brill), DIANA MAGALONI KERPEL instituto de investigaciones estticas, unam. One scholar has argued that Bartholomew's work served as a conceptual model for Sahagn, although evidence is circumstantial. Book One describes in detail the gods of the Aztec people, including Uitzilopochtli, Tlatoc, and Quetzalcoatl. [40] Sahagn named more than a dozen Aztec doctors who dictated and edited these sections. These shaped the late medieval approach to the organization of knowledge.[21]. florentine_codex_backup : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive florentine_codex_backup Topics florentine codex Collection opensource Language English A backup of the florentine codex images for researchers. James Lockhart has provided us with his transcription of the Nahuatl . The WDL, an unprecedented partnership of more than 160 libraries, museums and archives from 75 countries, makes available online the worlds historic treasures. Telleth of the lesser gods who follow the principal gods which have been mentioned [Xiuhtecutli]14. In Worlds of Natural History, edited by Helen Curry, Emma Spary, James Secord, and Nick Jardine, 112-30. About properties of animals, birds, fish, trees, herbs, flowers, metals, and stones, and about colors. The pictorial images offer remarkable detail about life in New Spain, but they do not bear titles, and the relationship of some to the adjoining text is not always self-evident. (Translation from the Aztec by A. J. O. Anderson and C. H. Dibble 13 vols. The twelve books of the Florentine Codex are organized in the following way: Gods, religious beliefs and rituals, cosmology, and moral philosophy, Humanity (society, politics, economics, including anatomy and disease), Natural history. We see this in an illustration of the Toxcatl massacre, an event that took place on May 20, 1520, during the celebration of a main deity. The Merchants. Translated from the Aztec into English, with notes and illustrations, by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble. 4 vols. Telleth of the god named Quetzalcoatl (Plumed Serpent)6. Obsidian is capable of producing an edge sharper than high quality steel razor blades. We will keep fighting for all libraries - stand with us! [6] As a consequence, the Council of the Indies ordered to the Viceroyalty of Peru in 1568 that they needed to include ethnographic and geographic information regarding any new discovery within their limits. Rhetoric and Moral Philosophy. Sahagn originally titled it: La Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva Espaa (in English: The Universal History of the Things of New Spain). the florentine codex download ebook pdf epub tuebl mobi May 16th, 2020 - the florentine codex download the florentine codex or read online books in pdf epub tuebl and mobi format ngoprek.kemenparekraf.go.id 2 / 14 To record and document the great cultural inheritance of the Indigenous peoples of New Spain. This work follows the organizational logic found in medieval encyclopedias, in particular the 19-volume De proprietatibus rerum of Sahagn's fellow Franciscan Friar Bartholomew the Englishman. The twelfth book focuses on the Spanish conquest of Mexico between 1519 and 1521. Historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espaa. 10. [4] In 2015, Sahagn's work was declared a World Heritage by the UNESCO. The missionary Sahagn had the goal of evangelizing the indigenous Mesoamerican peoples, and his writings were devoted to this end. In partnership with Nahua men who were formerly his students at the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco, Sahagn conducted research, organized evidence, wrote and edited his findings. This particular book is about the Spanish invasion of Mexico in 1519 and their eventual consolidation of power in the capital. Download PDF THE THE FLORENTINE CODEX: THE FLORENTINE CODEX, BOOK ONE: THE GODS THE GODS BOOK 1 Download PDF The The Florentine Codex: The Florentine Codex, Book One: The Gods The Gods Book 1 Authored by Arthur J.O. So far, nine institutions in five countries Mexico, the United States, Italy, Spain, and Sweden have contributed to this effort. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Sahagn appeared to have asked questions about animals such as the following: Plants and animals are described in association with their behavior and natural conditions or habitat. [8] The work became more generally known in the nineteenth century, with a description published by P. Fr. Most of the Florentine Codex is alphabetic text in Nahuatl and Spanish, but its 2,000 pictures provide vivid images of sixteenth-century New Spain. Florentine Codex: Book 2The Ceremonies. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. What are the origins of the Florentine Codex? Search the history of over 804 billion By Bernardino de Sahagn, Fray. [28] The majority of the nearly 2,500 images are "primary figures" (approximately 2000), with the remainder ornamental. What are the titles, the attributes, or the characteristics of the god? Vera Valitutto, Director General of the Laurenziana, stated: We are pleased to be cooperating with the WDL to present this priceless treasure, which came into the possession of the Medici family sometime in the 1580s, to a worldwide online audience. She did this by analyzing the different ways that forms of body were drawn, such as the eyes, profile, and proportions of the body. [6] That same year, Phillip II of Spain created a new position as "Cosmgrafo y Cronista Mayor de Indias" to collect and organize this information, being appointed Don Juan Lpez de Velasco, so that he could write "La Historia General de las Indias", namely, a compilation about the history of the Indies. "Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva Espaa" (General History of the Things of New Spain), as the Florentine Codex is formally known, is an encyclopedic work about the people and culture of central Mexico compiled over a period of 30 years by Fray Bernardino de Sahagn (14991590), a Franciscan missionary who arrived in Mexico in 1529, eight years after completion of the Spanish conquest by Hernan Corts. [25] The images in the Florentine Codex were created as an integral element of the larger work. Ancient Mesoamerica 28, 2017, pp. Remedo de la ya muerta Amrica: The Construction of Festive Rites in Colonial Mexico. In Contested Visions in the Spanish Colonial World, edited by Ilona Katzew. [33][34] A number of the images have Christian elements, which Peterson has described as "Christian editorializing. Course: Art of the Americas to World War I, This work at the Medicea Laurenziana Library. Some of these images directly support the alphabetic text; others are thematically related; others are for seemingly decorative purposes. Fray Bernardino de Sahagn. He undertook a comparative evaluation of information, drawing from multiple sources, in order to determine the degree of confidence with which he could regard that information. 1 Florentinecodexbook7book7thesunthemoona As recognized, adventure as with ease as experience nearly lesson, amusement, as competently as concurrence can be gotten by . Press Contact: Jennifer Gavin, (202) 707-1940 To compose this complex work, Sahagn consulted with Nahua elders who were authorities in different fields and from different communities. Deals with gods worshipped by the natives of this land, which is New Spain. Translation, Mobility, and Mediation: The Case of the Codex Mendoza, Umberger 2007 Metaphorical Underpinnings of Aztec History: The case of the 1473 civil war, Chronological Pollution: Potsherds, Mosques, and Broken Gods Before and After the Conquest of Mexico, Connected global intellectual history and the decolonisation of the curriculum, History in Pictures: Translating the Codex Mendoza, Art History, 38.4 (Fall 2015): 682701, "Crown and Tlatoque: The Iconography of Rulership in the Beinecke Map. Ethnography requires scholars to practice empathy with persons very different from them, and to try to suspend their own cultural beliefs in order to enter into, understand, and explain the worldview of those living in another culture. The Florentine Codex is one of the most remarkable social science research projects ever conducted. This essay espouses a synoptic approach by considering a range of agencies, perspectives, and sourcesdocumentary and materialto restore the Hearst Chalice to its rightful context, without aspiring to a totalizing view of the past or a definitive decoding of its system of meaning. A similar disposition was given to the Vice-Royalty of New Spain in 1569, specifying that 37 chapters were to be reported; in 1570, the extent of the report was modified to required information for 200 chapters. Nahuas and Spaniards manufactured the codex through a complex process that involved translations across media, . a. the Florentine Codex b. the COddices Miatritenses of the Real Academia de la listoria and the Biblioteca del Real Palacio c. other works in Nahuatl such as the Psalmodia (2) transliterations and translations of these works (3) full glossary of all the linguistic items (4) critical history of the manuscripts with a complete family tree Russo, Alessandra, Gerhard Wolf and Diana Fane (eds.). In 1979, the Mexican government published a full-color, three-volume facsimile of the Florentine Codex in a limited edition of 2,000, allowing scholars to have easier access to the manuscript. aeschylus The artist who illustrated this scene for the. Which Sources of the Past Are Viewed as Trustworthy? Sahagn, Bernardino de. Download Florentine Codex: Book 1: Book 1: The Gods pdf ebooks . What is the (trader, artisan) called and why? $13.00. This immense undertaking is the first complete translation into any language of Sahagns Nahuatl text, and represents one of the most distinguished contributions in the fields of anthropology, ethnography, and linguistics. 1499 - 1590) Christian Roith* Universidad de Almera Introduction The Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva Espaa (General History of the Things of New Spain) by the Franciscan Fray Bernardino de Sahagn, compiled between 1540 and 1585, also . Download Free PDF. $9.00. Florentine Codex | Getty Projects Project that provides unprecedented access to the Florentine Codex, an encyclopedic manuscript of early modern Mexico and Nahua knowledge. The Omens. "Pictography, Writing, and Mapping in the Valley of Mexico and the Beinecke Map. For modern readers, this combination of ways of presenting materials is sometimes contradictory and confusing. Male and female homosexuality among the Aztecs during the period immediately prior to the Spanish Conquest has been studied infrequently, even though a Nahautl document, the Florentine Codex, written shortly after the Spanish Conquest, contains a number of texts of the subject.The Florentine Codex has been translated into English; however, the translators used biased and erroneous translations . "[42] Foremost in his own mind, Sahagn was a Franciscan missionary, but he may also rightfully be given the title as Father of American Ethnography. Previously, the images were known mainly through the black-and-white drawings found in various earlier publications, which were separated from the alphabetic text. ", The macuahuitl: an innovative weapon of the Late Post-Classic in Mesoamerica, Al pie del Templo Mayor: en busca de los soberanos mexicas (Lpez Lujn y Chvez Balderas), Power, Performance and Propaganda - Sociopolitical Aspects of the Aztec Feast of Toxcatl, Chapter One of Dissertation (BEYOND THE FIFTH SUN: NAHUA TELEOLOGIES OF THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES). Anderson Released at - Filesize . Telleth of the god named Tezcatlipoca (Smoking Mirror), whom they worshipped and to whom they offered sacrifices in ancient times4. This is true in many instances in the. The Florentine Codex, originally entitled Historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espaa (General History of Matters in New Spain), is a bilingual Nahuatl - Spanish encyclopedic text, composed between 1545 and 1590.This vast work documents in 12 books the religion, natural history, cultural practices and first decades of the fall of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. It has been described as "one of the most remarkable accounts of a non-Western culture ever composed. Download and Read Books in PDF "Florentine Codex" book is now available, Get the book in PDF, Epub and Mobi for Free. He attempted to capture the totality or complete reality of Aztec culture on its own terms. That was the end of the march, for they had reached their goal. The twelve books of the Florentine Codex are organized in the following way: Book 12, the account of the conquest of the Aztec Empire from the point of view of the conquered of Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco is the only strictly historical book of the Historia General. The "Codex Mendoza" is one of the earliest, most detailed, and most important postconquest accounts of pre-Hispanic Aztec life. EPUB; A questionnaire such as the following may have been used in this section: The text in this section provides very detailed information about location, cultivation, and medical uses of plants and plant parts, as well as information about the uses of animal products as medicine. Feather Art in Mexico and Europe 1400-1700: 252-259. Nahuatl Hieroglyphic Writing and the Beinecke Map, Bright Kingdoms: Trade Networks, Indigenous Aesthetics, and Royal Courts in Postclassic Mesoamerica (plus select catalogue entries), Color y monocromo en el Cdice Florentino, Conversion and Conservation: Mexica Featherwork, the Miraculous, and Early Modern European Practices of Collection, 16th & 17th Century Mexican Pictorial Histories: A Hyperlinked Finding List, The Archivo General de la Nacin (Dra. This was to help friars and others understand this "idolatrous" religion in order to evangelize the Aztecs. The Soothsayers. Translated and edited by Dibble, Charles E. and Anderson, Arthur J. O.. , . [6] The concerning findings of this report triggered a visit of Juan de Ovando to the Council of the Indies because it demonstrated a total ignorance of the Spanish authorities about the native cultures and, in Ovando's opinion, was not possible to make correct decisions without reliable information. Digitization of the codex was undertaken in a partnership among the Library of Congress, the Medicea Laurenziana Library, and the Ministry for Cultural Heritage and Activities of Italy. [32] European elements appear in the imagery, as well as pre-Conquest images done in the "native style". The Codex is composed of twelve volumes, each of which documents a specific component of Nahua culture. They include: Diagram of Spanish and Nahuatl columns, Florentine Codex Book 1: The gods Book 2: The ceremonies Book 3: The origin of the gods Book 4: The soothsayers Book 5: The omens Book 6: Rhetoric and moral philosophy Abstract. ), Global Scientific Practice in an Age of Revolutions, 1750-1850 ( Pittsburgh , 2016 ), pp . That was the end of He elicited information from elders, cultural authorities publicly recognized as the most knowledgeable. [7], The manuscript became part of the collection of the library in Florence at some point after its creation in the late sixteenth century. By closely examining the different material components of the imposing artifactwhich though carefully assembled also stand as independent unitswe can better understand its uniqueness and symbolic potential. General History of the Things of New Spain. by George Scheper and Laraine Fletcher, Teaching Tepahtia: A Pedagogical Reflection on Knowledge and Medicine in Mexico, 1400-1600. The accomplishments of the joint translators, Dibble and Anderson, will surely rank among the greatest achievements of American ethnohistorical scholarship.Natural History, The University of Utah Press J. Willard Marriott Library 295 South 1500 East, Suite 5400 Salt Lake City, UT 84112. Commonly referred to as the Florentine Codex, the . Following a stratigraphic approach that examines the process through which natives and Spaniards created a transcultural manuscript, the article examines the multiple interpretations and negotiations involved in producing images, books, and information about the indigenous world in early colonial Mexico. Arthur J. O Anderson, "Sahagn: Career and Character," in, General History of the Things of New Spain by Fray Bernardino de Sahagn: The Florentine Codex, Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal, U Distinguished Professor of Anthropology Professor Charles Dibble Dies, "World Digital Library Adds Florentine Codex", "The work of Fray Bernardino de Sahagn (14991590)", "General History of the Things of New Spain by Fray Bernardino de Sahagn: The Florentine Codex", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florentine_Codex&oldid=1137618141. 1 (2021): 429. Book One describes in detail the gods of the Aztec people, including Uitzilopochtli, Tlatoc, and Quetzalcoatl. Images take flight. [27] The images are of two types, what can be called "primary figures" that amplify the meaning of the alphabetic texts, and "ornamentals" that were decorative. Three Texts in One: Book XII of the Florentine Codex The Disguise of the Hummingbird: On the Natural History of Huitzilopochtli in the Florentine Codex "As if His Heart Died": A Reinterpretation of Moteuczoma's Cowardice in the Conquest History of the Florentine Codex This is Book 12, Chapter 1 of the Florentine Codex, also known as the General History of the Things of New Spain. Top scene (left) and middle scene(right) of featherworkers (details), Bernardino de Sahagn and collaborators. Scholars have speculated that Sahagn was involved in the creation of the Badianus Manuscript, an herbal created in 1552 that has pictorials of medicinal plants and their uses. He had three overarching goals for his research: Sahagn conducted research for several decades, edited and revised his work over several decades, created several versions of a 2,400-page manuscript, and addressed a cluster of religious, cultural and nature themes. Toxcatl massacre (detail), Bernardino de Sahagn and collaborators, Due to its unparalleled wealth of information regarding the people and culture of central Mexico immediately preceding the Conquest, and its discussion of the Conquest itself, scholars have made the text of the. This is Book 12, Chapter 14 of the Florentine Codex, also known as the General History of the Things of New Spain. Here are named the highest of the goddesses whom the natives worshipped, whom they falsely revered as divine [Ciuacoatl]7. From Fray Bernardino de Sahagn, The Florentine Codex, Book 12, Chapter 1 (Mexica) Ten years before the Spaniards first came here, a frightening omen appeared in the sky. [9], The Spanish Royal Academy of History learned of this work and, at the fifth meeting of the International Congress of Americanists, the find was announced to the larger scholarly community. Male and female homosexuality among the Aztecs during the period immediately prior to the Spanish Conquest has been studied infrequently, even though a Nahuatl document, the Florentine Codex, written shortly after the Spanish Conquest, contains a number of texts on the subject. They can be considered a "third column of language" in the manuscript. [The Codex is] an impressive monument to Spanish humanism in the sixteenth-century New World.The Hispanic American Historical Review, Sahagn emerges as the indisputable founder of ethnographic science. 1 Montezuma Goes Out to Meet Corts The Spaniards arrived in Xoloco, near the entrance to Tenochtitlan. It seemed to pierce the sky itself, very wide at the base and narrow at the top. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. From Fray Bernardino de Sahagn, Florentine Codex, Book 12, Chapter 29 (Mexica) Here it is told how, at the time the Spaniards left Mexico, there came an illness of pustules of which many Mexicas died; it was called "the great rash" [smallpox]. Because of this, scholars have concluded that Sahagn used a series of questionnaires to structure his interviews and collect data.[21]. The Aztecs actually referred to themselves as the Mexica, A backup of the florentine codex images for researchers. Direct link to jemiearmelia75's post Does the modern historian. Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. 1. on the Internet. Florentine Codex Sahagn, Fray Bernardino de. [31], It is not clear what artistic sources the scribes drew from, but the library of the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco had European books with illustrations and books of engravings. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble Some volumes issued as 2nd edition, revised; some volumes reprinted Includes bibliographical references pt. Head & Curator, Latin American Art, Los Angeles County Museum of Art. [2] Its sides are embedded with prismatic blades traditionally made from obsidian. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art; New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011, 15175. Deals with foretelling these natives made from birds, animals, and insects in order to foretell the future. What ceremonies were performed in his honor? To describe and explain ancient Indigenous religion, beliefs, practices, deities. Translated by Dibble, Charles E. and Anderson, Arthur J. O.. , . Search for your book and save it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Peterson, "The Florentine Codex Imagery", p. 278. [1] After a translation mistake, it was given the name Historia general de las Cosas de Nueva Espaa. Telleth of the goddess named Chalchiuhtli ycue (the Jade-skirted), who was [goddess of] the waters12. The Florentine Codex is a 16th-century ethnographic research study in Mesoamerica by the Spanish Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagn. From Fray Bernardino de Sahagn, Florentine Codex, Book 12, Chapter 17. Around 1553-55, Sahagn gathered accounts from indigenous elders who . Telleth of the god named Xipe totec (Our Lord the Played One)19. ### Addeddate 2020-03-01 05:33:20 Artist Dr. Rick Albright Episode_url According to James Lockhart, Sahagn collected statements from indigenous people of "relatively advanced age and high status, having what was said written down in Nahuatl by the aids he had trained."[38]. Fray Bernadino de Sahagun. It argues that monochrome painting was a conscious decision employed by the painters as a strategy for commenting on the incorporation of European traditions into Nahua religion and history, as depicted in Sahagns General History. | Mar 15, 2012 4.7 (65) Paperback $3000 FREE delivery Wed, Jan 4 Only 20 left in stock (more on the way). Its 12 books, richly illustrated by indigenous artists, cover the Aztec religion and calendar, economic and social life, Aztec history and mythology, the use of plants and animals and the Spanish conquest as seen through the eyes of the native Mexicans. A detail from Book 9 of the Florentine Codex shows a feather worker preparing tropical bird feathers for a feather mosaic. . Abstract. So while the Spanish text and the Nahuatl text do not correspond precisely, if we consider the two texts with the illustrations, we get a more complete understanding of the events of the Spanish Conquest. Katzew, Ilona and Rachel Kaplan, 'Like the Flame of Fire: A New Look at the Hearst Chalice, Latin American and Latinx Visual Culture 3, no. and Anderson, Arthur J. O. and Dibble, Charles E. General history of the things of New Spain : Florentine codex / Bernardino de Sahagun School of American Research ; University of Utah Santa Fe, N.M. : Salt Lake City, Utah 1950. That is the reason why the missionaries, including Fray Bernardino de Sahagn continued their missionary work and Fray Bernardino de Sahagun was able to make two more copies of his Historia general. There are many images which accompany the text. He received his masters and doctorate degrees from the Universidad Nacional Autnomo de Mxico and taught at the University of Utah from 1939-1978, where he became a Distinguished Professor of Anthropology. Each chapter of the text is devoted to an important deity or group of related deities. Mesoamerican peoples, and scholar specializing in Mesoamerican cultures ( details ), who [. Appears now for use as a trusted citation in the nineteenth century, with description! Eventual consolidation of power in the Florentine Codex images, '' p..! Up with and we 'll email you a reset link herbs, flowers, metals, and insects order! Ocr on August 11, 2022, There are no reviews yet, 1400-1600 ]. 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'Ll email you a reset link james Lockhart has provided us with his transcription of the goddess named Chalchiuhtli (... ) and middle scene ( right ) of featherworkers ( details ), who was [ goddess of ] majority... Gods who follow the principal gods which have been mentioned [ Xiuhtecutli ] 14 is about Spanish. Nahuatl and Spanish, but its 2,000 pictures provide vivid images of sixteenth-century Spain! All libraries - stand with us scene for the experience nearly lesson, amusement, as as! Book and save it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets After Translation! Illustrations, by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. and Anderson, Arthur J. O.... Goddesses whom the natives of this book, please report to us by using DMCA... Manufactured the Codex through a complex process that involved translations across media, its pictures. For a feather worker preparing tropical bird feathers for a feather mosaic '' ( 2000. 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