Arab Empire Dbq. Babur used this formation at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526, where the Afghan and Rajput forces loyal to the Delhi Sultanate, though superior in numbers but without the gunpowder weapons, were defeated. Finally came a series of violent political feuds over control of the throne. Babur brought a broad-minded, confident Islam from central Asia. x\G}'&. UmC#{V[0?rNfSm+y|j3=,,Mao4t^[~}eeh-yr4my(Me7&7Wws}O9l8X!pl[}3C_4]@*=6t8&yb)|/^e#>9^Um :wb`O~Kn_5i%z]eCH$/*6#E]]qEYzs|ev;cH?1EkgWr[,Ne~_E=lSdCtiL>G-u0w^] `1-[2PmWC:`Y=0tGk_X a3? -:Vh|qp-`{aWH9~rsi0g.v}M 85S5Z]eunEEX4 ]UE|VIZo .F3|wMMhnwk>8s}Gd'=#dHsg9?'C%Y|Hm]hdA,7"'_X/[;;OZ.Ss"!r/45nM*"a.h\T/ [citation needed] Humayun's triumphant return from Persia in 1555 restored Mughal rule in some parts of India, but he died in an accident the next year. Many of the empire's elites now sought to control their own affairs, and broke away to form independent kingdoms. 4 0 obj Ottoman Empire: Suleyman the Lawgiver (1520-1566) Selim's son Conquered European city of Belgrade in 1521 Military conquest in N. Africa, C. Europe, E. Med. The Hindu kingdoms also fought back, often supported by the French and the British, who used them to tighten their grip on the sub-continent. According to Dyson urbanization of Mughal empire was less than 9%. Pre-made digital activities. 154 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<703B6BE470475CF53496B025F7C4275E><0763BC8545456C4FA029FD2F0F77CBE6>]/Index[147 19]/Info 146 0 R/Length 57/Prev 377749/Root 148 0 R/Size 166/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream % European merchants gradually expanded their power in India, aided by the decline of the Mughal empire, as explained in Document 4. Birth Country: India. The Mughals expanded cultivated land in the Bengal delta under the leadership of Sufis, which consolidated the foundation of Bengali Muslim society. [9] Around 80% of Mughal India's imports were bullion, mostly silver,[104] with major sources of imported bullion including the New World and Japan,[103] which in turn imported large quantities of textiles and silk from the Bengal Subah province. Some said rose, from whose petals were distilled the precious ittar, others, the lotus, glory of every Indian village. While Babur was unique in that his empire, called the Mughal Empire, embraced religious tolerance, subsequent . All administration and governance was carried out within them. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> The Mughals themselves claimed ultimate descent from Mongol Empire founder Genghis Khan. 8Ng=lZ3PPOPzQ2dEE@ELFvtS [116] In Mughal India, there was a generally tolerant attitude towards manual labourers, with some religious cults in northern India proudly asserting a high status for manual labour. 1.s?+B!S8"Se6J(]9Klq-cd-Q &1a:^%86 "cO =Ey12gGce`s"b&v kN5=$',`BLCJF1'Lb0rdH\Zh+L; [97] During the Mughal era, the gross domestic product (GDP) of India in 1600 was estimated at 22% of the world economy, the second largest in the world, behind only China (Ming era) but larger than Europe. Aurangzeb ruled for nearly 50 years. stream The third gunpowder empire, India's Mughal Empire, offers perhaps the most dramatic example of modern weaponry carrying the day. The autobiography is candid, honest and at times even poetic. Jahan brought together fresh ideas in the creation of the Taj. The provincial capital Dhaka became the commercial capital of the empire. [43] India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and economic development. While slavery also existed, it was limited largely to household servants. [79], Jeffrey G. Williamson has argued that the Indian economy went through deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire, with British rule later causing further deindustrialization. 4, pp. From the late 17th century to the early 18th century, Mughal India accounted for 95% of British imports from Asia, and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia. [136] The Mughals introduced agrarian reforms, including the modern Bengali calendar. The third Emperor, Abu Akbar, is regarded as one of the great rulers of all time, regardless of country. . endobj Name Historical context: In the early 1500s, India was invaded by the central Asian nomadic army led by Babur, a Muslim descendant of Genghis Khan. Through warfare and diplomacy, Akbar was able to extend the empire in all directions and controlled almost the entire Indian subcontinent north of the Godavari River. The diffusion of the spinning wheel, and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era. A Long History of Urdu Literary Culture", "14. He ruled over a small kingdom in Turkestan. Also both empires had a form of Bureaucracies. endobj Z'>aY{g{m7`N Such officials included the kotwal (local police), the faujdar (an officer controlling multiple districts and troops of soldiers), and the most powerful, the subahdar (provincial governor). Subjects of the Mughal Empire also took their grievances to the courts of superior officials who held more authority and punitive power than the local qadi. [179]Fathullah Shirazi (c.1582), a Persian polymath and mechanical engineer who worked for Akbar, developed an early multi gun shot. 008g,:sVf"fWigbqCitVY*YFXP`Kp#GGK6p4(i4h Ab`RP>#D"@w5)fb>_YYy`'+a4# q(u`>; XzhT qu The spread of diseases among the native populations made it easier for the Spanish to do away with long-standing native governments and establish their own political structures in the Americas. [27] There was more conspicuous consumption among the Mughal elite,[28] resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture, especially during the reign of Shah Jahan. [115] However, in a system where wealth was hoarded by elites, wages were depressed for manual labour. Different rulers used different methods to rule over the Mughal Empire. [9] Richly-finished albums (muraqqa) decorated with calligraphy and artistic scenes were mounted onto pages with decorative borders and then bound with covers of stamped and gilded or painted and lacquered leather. The civil administration was organised in a hierarchical manner on the basis of merit, with promotions based on performance. [138] By the late 18th century, the British displaced the Mughal ruling class in Bengal. [97] A variety of crops were grown, including food crops such as wheat, rice, and barley, and non-food cash crops such as cotton, indigo and opium. Jahangir's approach was typified by the development of Urdu as the official language of Empire. <>>> It is intended to support the implementation of the CCSS. Learn about the Mughal Empire that ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and 17th centuries. The heavy taxes he levied impoverished the farming population. xZmoV)~TS+U2jFl\(6y~l t8.3q^g{_OD;D9y_ EVr2M9keo_3PaP t[.]]ICW+"thKj p#XHa/5(]8X)ay \r@9Md(D\]XJ(#VJ;]AB 9YDz'5Blaao3tuf& C*O;yNX*2g\@m(q1J|fl=N&i:v%.T.%1ZpW. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Hyder Ali realised the importance of rockets and introduced advanced versions of metal cylinder rockets. After the battle, the centre of Mughal power became Agra instead of Kabul. [92], The Mughal Empire followed the Sunni Hanafi system of jurisprudence. <> Also using military technology and the support of other tribes, the Spanish under Pizarro took control of the Inca empire in the Andes. endobj <> The Mughal was a very influential empire, but it reached its greatest point under the leadership of Aurangzeb. [98] India was producing 24.5% of the world's manufacturing output up until 1750. [123], Up until 1750, India produced about 25% of the world's industrial output. endobj If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info . [32], The Mughal designation for their own dynasty was Gurkani (Persian: , romanized:Grkniyn, lit. [178] In India, guns made of bronze were recovered from Calicut (1504) and Diu (1533). [131], Mughal India had a large shipbuilding industry, which was also largely centred in the Bengal province. `Sc!ul Evidence for the use of a draw bar for sugar-milling appears at Delhi in 1540, but may also date back earlier, and was mainly used in the northern Indian subcontinent. The Mughal Empire began to decline in the 18th century, during the reign of Muammad Shah (171948). [132], An important innovation in shipbuilding was the introduction of a flushed deck design in Bengal rice ships, resulting in hulls that were stronger and less prone to leak than the structurally weak hulls of traditional European ships built with a stepped deck design. Birth City: Umarkot, Sindh. That is why I say the cotton boll is the most beautiful flower. He defeated Humyn at Chausa in 1539 and at Kannauj in 1540, expelling him from India. Birth date: October 15, 1542. The Indian war rockets were formidable weapons before such rockets were used in Europe. As you . The sources include one 19th century article from the New York Times and one illustration, and each document is followed by at least one constr. x\[o[~7p`D 3 0 obj [117] The Mughal government funded the building of irrigation systems across the empire, which produced much higher crop yields and increased the net revenue base, leading to increased agricultural production. He was also a notable writer who described the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and the cities of Allahabad and Delhi in rich detail and also made note of the glories of the Mughal Empire. [189] It is now housed at the National Museum of Scotland. The qadi also had additional importance with regards to documents, as the seal of the qadi was required to validate deeds and tax records. the last of the great nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Steppe, and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting Islamic Gunpowder Empires in the 16th and 17th centuries. I was happy with the purchase. From there he conquered the Punjab and subsequently unseated the Delhi sultanate before extending his rule across northern India. [101] The currency was initially 48 dams to a single rupee in the beginning of Akbar's reign, before it later became 38 dams to a rupee in the 1580s, with the dam's value rising further in the 17th century as a result of new industrial uses for copper, such as in bronze cannons and brass utensils. <> [9] Sugar mills appeared in India shortly before the Mughal era. ]IX; 2fxj~Nf2DxN/qp H;3JU1HU[pyg= 4lT'gYz{Y.M=o`T3Vk`L5T^1.=/qa]u[~ N5:fG8'X'OQBrhO_,W=S4thV_Qa-^B {ySav+)Ac:8N *cVxT! [100], In early modern Europe, there was significant demand for products from Mughal India, particularly cotton textiles, as well as goods such as spices, peppers, indigo, silks, and saltpeter (for use in munitions). endobj Under his successors in the seventeenth century, more of the subcontinent is incorporated into the Mughal empire as the rulers of the Deccan are finally conquered and become Delhi's feudatories." With a period overview, list of key events, and ten related artworks. <>/PageLabels 262 0 R>> There was a scornful laughter and Akbar asked for an explanation. These included the al-Hidayah (the best guidance) and the Fatawa al-Tatarkhaniyya (religious decisions of the Emire Tatarkhan). Territories were often rearranged and reconstituted for better administrative control, and to extend cultivation. He came to the throne after imprisoning his father and having his older brother killed. Sidi Marjan was mortally wounded when a rocket struck his large gunpowder depot, and after twenty-seven days of hard fighting Bidar was captured by the Mughals. G`dN4$Cz.7r For the ethnic groups, see. Trade with the rest of the Islamic world, especially Persia and through Persia to Europe, was encouraged. [119] While the average peasant across the world was only skilled in growing very few crops, the average Indian peasant was skilled in growing a wide variety of food and non-food crops, increasing their productivity. H<19,z_!y;"uYX"5t'iiI32~cb(i(Y`3k-]|"-)GYL/?-w(\H {>0hcZ#C(a From the time of Akbar, Mughal camps were huge in scale, accompanied by numerous personages associated with the royal court, as well as soldiers and labourers. Babur succeeded his father as ruler of the state of Farghana in Turkestan when he was only 12, although he was swiftly deposed by older relatives. [69][70][71] The far-off Indian campaign of Nader Shah, who had previously reestablished Iranian suzerainty over most of West Asia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, culminated with the Sack of Delhi and shattered the remnants of Mughal power and prestige. Aurangzeb was a very observant and religious Muslim who ended the policy of religious tolerance followed by earlier emperors. Qadis did not constitute a single position, but made up a hierarchy. eV)KCM?UG!pb]7y 481 words. [85][83] Parganas were the basic administrative unit of the Mughal empire. "The Urdu language reforms." |Wm[ a ;wV(tp7"`; d]V ,d^rJvBUc)2=@SUP 6ZnM@wp! mT. Akbar worked hard to win over the hearts and minds of the Hindu leaders. His tomb in Delhi, built several years after his death, is the first of the great Mughal architectural masterpieces; it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1993. While this may well have been for political reasons - he married a Hindu princess (and is said to have married several thousand wives for political and diplomatic purposes) - it was also a part of his philosophy. . Jahan's selection of white marble and the overall concept and design of the mausoleum give the building great power and majesty. The building is a mausoleum built by Jahan for his wife Mumtaz and it has come to symbolise the love between two people. Answer: Chagtai Turkic. The first Muslims arrived in the 8th century. [63][57][58] From the imperial perspective, conversion to Islam integrated local elites into the king's vision of network of shared identity that would join disparate groups throughout the empire in obedience to the Mughal emperor. Mughal And Ottoman Empire Dbq From 1450-1750 both the Mughal and Ottoman Empires established large functioning bureaucracies, with the establishment of religiously tolerant policies. A further distinction was the attempt of the Mughals, who were Muslims, to integrate Hindus and Muslims into a united Indian state. [97], The main base of the empire's collective wealth was agricultural taxes, instituted by the third Mughal emperor, Akbar. [38], Another name for the empire was Hindustan, which was documented in the Ain-i-Akbari, and which has been described as the closest to an official name for the empire. [43] Aurangzeb is considered India's most controversial king,[62] with some historians arguing his religious conservatism and intolerance undermined the stability of Mughal society,[43] while other historians question this, noting that he built Hindu temples,[65] employed significantly more Hindus in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors did, opposed bigotry against Hindus and Shia Muslims. In 1719 alone, four emperors successively ascended the throne",[43] as figureheads under the rule of a brotherhood of nobles belonging to an Indian Muslim caste known as the Sadaat-e-Bara, whose leaders, the Sayyid Brothers, became the de-facto sovereigns of the empire. After 150 years of rule by Mughal viceroys, Bengal gained semi-independence as a dominion under the Nawab of Bengal in 1717. Short but sweet: Unit 3 and 4 focus on the growth of empires both across the Atlantic in the Americas and in Afro-Eurasia, so the major comparison would be in the type or style of government. The sources include one 19th century article from the New York Times and one illustration, and each document is followed by at least one constructed response question and a summary essay question using the documents wraps up the DBQ. The Mughal and the Ottoman Empires were almost contemporary to each other. r& [132] He also assesses ship repairing as very advanced in Bengal. 3.4 Comparison in Land-Based Empires. Although the Mughal empire was created and sustained by military warfare,[16][17][18] it did not vigorously suppress the cultures and peoples it came to rule; rather it equalized and placated them through new administrative practices,[19][20] and diverse ruling elites, leading to more efficient, centralised, and standardized rule. E%ipUiO,tc76dadEhel($!# C)tB2E$ju]`nEF{9HhC5inxF [148], The historian Nizamuddin Ahmad (15511621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, there were 120 large cities and 3200 townships. [67][68], During the reign of Muhammad Shah (reigned 17191748), the empire began to break up, and vast tracts of central India passed from Mughal to Maratha hands. Bbur then continued his campaigns to subjugate the Rajputs of Chanderi. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so. One of the most remarkable astronomical instruments invented in Mughal India is the lost-wax cast, hollow, seamless, celestial globe. 1 0 obj Add highlights, virtual manipulatives, and more. [165] Miniatures commissioned by the Mughal emperors initially focused on large projects illustrating books with eventful historical scenes and court life, but later included more single images for albums, with portraits and animal paintings displaying a profound appreciation for the serenity and beauty of the natural world. <> Thus, the process of empire-building also involved longer-term economic policies that caused a more gradual build-up of political power. "[118], Mughal agriculture was in some ways advanced compared to European agriculture at the time, exemplified by the common use of the seed drill among Indian peasants before its adoption in Europe. [146] By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871. Controlled trade routes in interior Given title of "Lawgiver" for simplifying system of taxation, gov't reform, and cultural achievements His rule was the "golden age" of the He no longer allowed the Hindu community to live under their own laws and customs, but imposed Sharia law (Islamic law) over the whole empire. [122] The increased agricultural productivity led to lower food prices. Read more. Unit 3: . [74], Contemporary chroniclers bewailed the decay they witnessed, a theme picked up by the first British historians who wanted to underscore the need for a British-led rejuvenation. 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