Yar'Adua's presidency was fraught with uncertainty as media reports said he suffered from kidney and heart disease. Chairs were thrown and one member grabbed the parliamentary Mace and wielded it like a weapon to attack the Speaker and other members. Largely because of Songhai's influence, there was a blossoming of Islamic learning and culture. By the middle of the 20th century, the great wave for independence was sweeping across Africa. Another factor was the military threat of the Tuareg centred at Agades who penetrated the northern districts of Borno. Jack McCaslin is a . These parties were the People's Democratic Party (PDP), the All People's Party (APP), and the predominantly Yoruba Alliance for Democracy (AD). There they constituted a devoutly religious, educated elite who made themselves indispensable to the Hausa kings as government advisers, Islamic judges, and teachers. The origin of the name Niger, which originally applied only to the middle reaches of the Niger River . [87], Following the civil war, the country turned to the task of economic development. While that may be a lot of people, population . The neat protrusion from the chin represents a beard. The AG was manoeuvred out of control of the Western Region by the Federal Government and a new pro-government Yoruba party, the Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP), took over. On 20 December 1997, the government arrested General Oladipo Diya, ten officers, and eight civilians on charges of coup plotting. [77] Fighting between the members broke out. Ofega was the queen for the Onitsha Igbo. However, the spike in oil prices from $3 per barrel to $12 per barrel, following the Yom Kippur War in 1973 brought a sudden rush of money to Nigeria. Foreign exchange earnings and government revenues increased spectacularly with the oil price rises of 197374. [35], The mai employed his mounted bodyguard and an inchoate army of nobles to extend Kanem's authority into Borno. Unless present army leaders and contending tribal elements soon reach agreement on a new basis for the association and take some effective measures to halt a seriously deteriorating security situation, there will be increasing internal turmoil, possibly including civil war. Nri and Aguleri and part of the Umueri clan, a cluster of Igbo village groups which traces its origins to a sky being called Eri and significantly, includes (from the viewpoint of its Igbo members) the neighbouring kingdom of Igala. To them, being civilized meant being Christianized. The Onitsha Kingdom, which was originally inhabited by Igbos from east of the Niger, was founded in the 16th century by migrants from Anioma (Western Igboland). In November 2009, he fell ill and was flown out of the country to Saudi Arabia for medical attention. The primary exports were slaves, leather, gold, cloth, salt, kola nuts, and henna. By tradition, the territory was conferred on the heir to the throne to govern during his apprenticeship. [82] Decree No. Key Facts. Nigeria gained its independence from Britain in 1960. River basin development projects have created many large man-made lakes, including Lake Kainji on the Niger and Lake Bakolori on the Rima River. In April 1990 mid-level officers attempted unsuccessfully to overthrow the government and 69 accused plotters were executed after secret trials before military tribunals. Other states where Igalas can be found are Anambra, Delta and Benue states. Obasanjo was reelected in 2003. [96], Most civil society leaders and Nigerians witnessed marked improvements in human rights and freedom of the press under Obasanjo. At stake now are the most fundamental questions which can be raised about a country, beginning with whether it will survive as a single viable entity. A new republic was planned to be established in 1993 but was aborted by General Sani Abacha. In the historic 12 June 1993 presidential elections, which most observers deemed to be Nigeria's fairest, early returns indicated that wealthy Yoruba businessman M. K. O. Abiola won a decisive victory. The school was quite traditional in its subject matter, being largely confined to the political history that colleagues in Europe and North America were then rejecting. Nigeria is bordered to the north by Niger, to the east by Chad and Cameroon, to the south by the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by Benin. Sonni Ali seized Timbuktu in 1468 and Djenn in 1473, building his regime on trade revenues and the cooperation of Muslim merchants. It was very modern, however, in the sources used. Lagos, however, is not perceived as the "spiritual and bureaucratic capital of Africa"; Addis Ababa has that role.". Lagos was occupied by British forces in 1851 and formally annexed by Britain in the year 1865. The Soviet Union benefits from Nigerian appreciation of its help during the war, but is not trying for control. However, when the Western Region parliament met to approve this change, Akintola supporters in the parliament started a riot in the chambers of the parliament. Eventually, the police with tear gas were required to quell the riot. In response, petroleum workers called a strike demanding that Abacha release Abiola and hand over power to him. [75], Capturing 89 seats in the federal parliament was the second-largest party in the newly independent country the National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC). According to another legend, Eri was one of Gad's sons who traveled down to build modern-day Igboland, as described in the Bible's book of Genesis. While the hero had a child with the queen, Bawo, and another child with the queen's maid-servant, Karbagari. Their nearest linguistic relatives are the Igala who live on the opposite side of the Niger's divergence from the Benue, and from whom they are believed to have split about 2,000 years ago. A separatist movement later formed the Republic of Biafra in 1967, leading to the three-year Nigerian Civil War. Nigerias major soil zones conform to geographic location. All of the Nok statues are very stylized and similar in that they have arched eyebrows with triangular eyes and perforated pupils. However, the opposition had accusations of electoral fraud in polls. [83] The Ironsi government's efforts to abolish the federal structure and the renaming the country the Republic of Nigeria on 24 May 1966 raised tensions and led to another coup by largely northern officers in July 1966, which established the leadership of Major General Yakubu Gowon. [38][39] Today the Hausa people now reside in the Northern part of Nigeria.[40]. The destruction of Songhai left Borno uncontested and until the 18th-century Borno dominated northern Nigeria. The government also moved to recover millions of dollars in funds secreted to overseas accounts. The eyes and the eyebrows suggest an inner calm or an inner serenity. More than 100 were killed in riots before Babangida agreed to hand power to an interim government on 27 August 1993. [37] Contemporary historical scholarship views this legend as an allegory similar to many in that region of Africa that probably referenced a major event, such as a shift in ruling dynasties. By then a string of dynastic states, including the earliest Hausa states, stretched into western and central Sudan. The areas of these countries primarily inhabited by the Yoruba are often collectively referred to as Yorubaland. The Niger has many rapids and waterfalls, but the Benue is not interrupted by either and is navigable throughout its length, except during the dry season. The country has abundant natural resources, notably large deposits of petroleum and natural gas. The University of Ibadan was the first university to open in Nigeria, and its scholars set up the history departments at most of Nigeria's other universities, spreading the Ibadan historiography. They can be found in Idah, Igalamela/Odolu, Ajaka, Ofu, Olamaboro, Dekina, Bassa, Ankpa, omala, Lokoja, Ibaji, Ajaokuta, Lokoja and kotonkarfe Local government all in Kogi state. In an attempt to alleviate such problems Abubakar's government implemented a civil service pay raise and other reforms. The military rulers looked upon the universities with deep suspicion and they were poorly funded. Despite the low turnout, there was no violence and both parties demonstrated strength in all regions of the country, with the SDP winning control of a majority of local government councils. [56] At least one historian puts fikunim's reign much later, around 1225.[57]. Kano and Rano were known as the "Chiefs of Indigo." Aro and Abiriba cooperated to become a powerful economic force.[64]. General Muhammadu Buhari took over the helm of affairs in May 2015 after a peaceful transfer of power from the Jonathan led administration. Lord Lugard Created Nigeria 104 Years Ago. On 1 October 2001 Obasanjo announced the formation of a National Security Commission to address the issue of communal violence. Rivers draining the area north of the Niger-Benue trough include the Sokoto, the Kaduna, the Gongola, and the rivers draining into Lake Chad. Concurrently the Saifawa Dynasty of Borno conquered Kanem and extended control west to Hausa cities not under Songhai authority. A constituent assembly was elected in 1977 to draft a new constitution, which was published on 21 September 1978, when the ban on political activity was lifted. The Yoruba were organized in mostly patrilineal groups that occupied village communities and subsisted on agriculture. Nok seated figure; 5th century BC 5th century AD; terracotta; 38cm (1ft. 3 in. The Yoruba are especially known for the Oyo Empire that dominated the region. 34 sought to do away with the whole federal structure under which the Nigerian government had been organised since independence. The origin of the Nigerian Armed Forces lies in the elements of the Royal West African Frontier Force, that became Nigerian, when independence was granted in 1960.In 1956, the Nigeria Regiment of the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) was renamed the Nigerian Military Forces, RWAFF, and in April 1958, the colonial government of Nigeria took over from the British War Office . The Benin Empire (14401897; called Bini by locals) was a pre-colonial African state in what is now modern Nigeria. Major Emmanuel Ifeajuna fled to Kwame Nkrumah's Ghana where he was welcomed as a hero. There are 400 deities called Orisha who perform various tasks. Additional sanctions were imposed as a result of Nigeria's failure to gain full certification for its counter-narcotics efforts. In the history of Nigeria, we can say Nigeria today can thus be traced back to pre-historic dwellers living as early as 1100BC, the various kingdoms and empires of the 17 th century. At the same time, rival schools developed. Finidi George was the first Nigerian to play and score in the UCL semi-final as Ajax defeated Bayern Munich 5-2 at the Amsterdam Arena in the second leg to win 5-2 on aggregate in 1995. As Nigeria works out representational democracy, conflicts persist between the Executive and Legislative branches over appropriations and other proposed legislation. [25][26] Iron smelting furnaces at Taruga, a Nok site, date from around 600 BC. Although he had led Babangida's Transitional Council since 1993, Shonekan was unable to reverse Nigeria's economic problems or to defuse lingering political tension. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Foreign scholars often associated with the school include Michael Crowder, Abdullahi Amith, J. Other tribes such as the Nri Kingdom also . Loose sandy soils consisting of wind-borne deposits and riverine sands are found in the northern regions, although, in areas where there is a marked dry season, a dense surface layer of laterite develops, making these soils difficult to cultivate. However, the Cross River Igbo state like the Aro had the greatest influence in Igboland and adjacent areas after the decline of Nri. The capital is Idah in Kogi state. In the 1980s Nigerian scholarship, in general, began to decline, and the Ibadan School was hugely affected. The Oyo Empire held supremacy over other Yoruba nations like the Egba Kingdom, Awori Kingdom, and the Egbado. The oldest fossil remains found by archaeologists in the southwestern area of Iwo Eleru, near Akure, have been dated to about 9000 bce. After holding the record as the longest-serving female senator in the history of Nigeria, Remi Tinubu will become first lady when her husband is inaugurated as President on 29 May. But Benin's fame is based on factors other than power. As a consequence, Borno lost many northern territories to the Tuareg whose mobility allowed them to endure the famine more effectively. The national capital is Abuja, in the Federal Capital Territory, which was created by decree in 1976. Eri, the god-like founder of Nri, is believed to have settled in the region around 948 with other related Igbo cultures following in the 13th century. Trans-Saharan trade routes linked the western Sudan with the Mediterranean since the time of Carthage and with the Upper Nile from a much earlier date, establishing avenues of communication and cultural influence that remained open until the end of the 19th century. 1.5: Nigerian Culture and History is shared under a not declared license . South of Kano the mixed soils contain locally derived granite and loess (wind-borne deposits). As of January 2010, he was still abroad. However, Bello chose to remain as premier of the North and as party boss of the NPC, selected Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, a Hausa, to become Nigeria's first Prime Minister. History of Nigeria The Name: NIGERIA The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. Archaeological findings pieced together show that by the . trace the origin of News Agency of Nigeria discuss the functions of NAN and the services rendered by the agency. In August 1983, Shagari and the NPN were returned to power in a landslide with a majority of seats in the National Assembly and control of 12 state governments. Igbo gods, like those of the Yoruba, were numerous, but their relationship to one another and human beings was essentially egalitarian, reflecting Igbo society as a whole. In this Nok work, the head is dramatically larger than the body supporting it, yet the figure possesses elegant details and a powerful focus. As in most African art styles, the Nok style focuses mainly on people, rarely on animals. Nigerian History since early period till Colonial era January 2019 Authors: Tatiana Voloshina Belgorod State University Discover the world's research Content uploaded by Tatiana Voloshina Author. The states included only kingdoms inhabited by Hausa-speakers: Since the beginning of Hausa history, the seven states of Hausaland divided up production and labor activities in accordance with their location and natural resources. ", This page was last edited on 10 April 2023, at 11:20. [49] According to the Yoruba, Oduduwa is regarded as the ancestor of the Yoruba kings. Omissions? The Sokoto Plains and the Borno Plains are located in the northwestern and northeastern corners of the country respectively. The Lake Chad basin and the coastal areas, including the Niger River delta and the western parts of the Sokoto region in the far northwest, are underlain by soft, geologically young sedimentary rocks. The Fulani came from the Senegal River valley, where their ancestors had developed a method of livestock management based on transhumance. The major cause of Borno's decline was a severe drought that struck the Sahel and savanna from in the middle of the 18th century. [citation needed] The Songhai Empire also occupied part of the region. Security officers rounded up the accused, including former Head of State Obasanjo and his deputy, retired General Shehu Musa Yar'Adua. In a move towards greater autonomy to minority ethnic groups, the military divided the four regions into 12 states. Many Fulani moved into Hausaland and Borno, and their arrival increased tensions because they had no loyalty to the political authorities, who saw them as a source of increased taxation. Archaeological findings in Ile-Ife prove to feature a high level of artistic skills in the 12th-14th century era. In the 11th-century, the conquests initiated by Gijimasu of Kano culminated in the birth of the first united Hausa Nation under Queen Amina, the Sultana of Zazzau but severe rivalries between the states led to periods of domination by major powers like the Songhai, Kanem and the Fulani. Respect for the priestly functions of the oni of Ife was a crucial factor in the evolution of Yoruba culture. [93] Babangida (IBB) cited the misuse of power, violations of human rights by key officers of the SMC, and the government's failure to deal with the country's deepening economic crisis as justifications for the takeover. [3] Islam reached Nigeria through the Bornu Empire between (1068 AD) and Hausa States around (1385 AD) during the 11th century,[4][5][6][7] while Christianity came to Nigeria in the 15th century through Augustinian and Capuchin monks from Portugal. The leading scholars of the Ibadan School include Saburi Biobaku, Kenneth Dike, J. F. A. Ajayi, Adiele Afigbo, E. A. Ayandele, O. Ikime and Tekena Tamuno. His successor Askia Muhammad Ture (14931528) made Islam the official religion, built mosques, and brought Muslim scholars, including al-Maghili (d.1504), the founder of an important tradition of Sudanic African Muslim scholarship, to Gao.[32]. [36], The Hausa Kingdoms were a collection of states started by the Hausa people, situated between the Niger River and Lake Chad. This continued until the BBC aired an interview that was allegedly done via telephone from the president's sick bed in Saudi Arabia. [15][16][17] Shaw's excavations at Igbo-Ukwu revealed a 9th-century indigenous culture that created highly sophisticated work in bronze metalworking, independent of Arab or European influence and centuries before other sites that were better known at the time of discovery. [74], The Federation of Nigeria was granted full independence on 1 October 1960 under a constitution that provided for a parliamentary government and a substantial measure of self-government for the country's three regions. But before then, he was the governor of both the Northern and Southern protectorates. [67] From 1725 until 1750, roughly 17,000 enslaved Africans were sold from Calabar to European slave traders; from 1772 to 1775, the number soared to over 62,000. [14] Nigeria became a republic again after a new constitution was written in 1979. According to the Bayajidda legend, the Banza Bakwai states were founded by the seven sons of Karbagari ("Town-seizer"), the unique son of Bayajidda and the slave-maid, Bagwariya. The government alleged in early 1995 that military officers and civilians were engaged in a coup plot. 150200 deaths (current estimate). [14] Nigeria became a republic again after a new constitution was written in 1979. Following World War II, in response to the growth of Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British government moved Nigeria toward self-government on a representative and increasingly federal basis. Nigerian relations with the US, cool during the war, are improving, but France may be seen as the future patron. In its prime, they also dominated the Kingdom of Dahomey (now located in the modern day Republic of Benin). In the 14th century, however, dynastic conflict forced the then-ruling group and its followers to relocate in Borno, as a result the Kanuri emerged as an ethnic group in the late 14th and 15th centuries. General Mohammed replaced thousands of civil servants and announced a timetable for the resumption of civilian rule by 1 October 1979. The coastal areas are drained by short rivers that flow into the Gulf of Guinea. Olutayo C. Adesina, "Teaching History in Twentieth-Century Nigeria: the Challenges of Change,", Queen Elizabeth II was monarch of Nigeria and head of state, overthrew the NPC-NNDP government and assassinated the prime minister and the premiers of the northern and western regions, massacre of thousands of Ibo in the north, "The Nri Kingdom (900AD - Present): Rule by theocracy", "Historic regions from 5th century BC to 20th century", "Historical Legacies | Religious Literacy Project", "The Transatlantic Slave Trade | Religious Literacy Project", "When I Remember Nigeria, I Remember Democracy! The most mountainous area is along the southeastern border with Cameroon, where the Cameroon Highlands rise to the highest points in the country, Chappal Waddi (7,936 feet [2,419 metres]) in the Gotel Mountains and Mount Dimlang (6,699 feet [2,042 metres]) in the Shebshi Mountains. The former military head of state Olusegun Obasanjo, freed from prison by Abubakar, ran as a civilian candidate and won the presidential election. Ghana declined in the 11th century but was succeeded by the Mali Empire which consolidated much of western Sudan in the 13th century. The mai (king) of Kanem and his court accepted Islam in the 11th century, as the western empires also had done. The initiation rite of a new king shows that the ritual process of becoming Ezenri (Nri priest-king) follows closely the path traced by the hero in establishing the Nri kingdom. [20], The Dufuna canoe was discovered in 1987 not far from the Komadugu Gana River, in Yobe State. Among the Igbo people of the Eastern Region, these detainees were heroes. A separatist movement later formed the Republic of Biafra in 1967, leading to the three-year Nigerian Civil War. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [52] Eri's origins are unclear, though he has been described as a "sky being" sent by Chukwu (God). [100], Two militants of an unknown faction shot and killed Ustaz Ja'afar Adam, a northern Muslim religious leader and Kano State official, along with one of his disciples in a mosque in Kano during dawn prayers on 13 April 2007. John A. Ayoade, and Adeoye A. Akinsanya, eds. Nigeria is a West African country occupying an area of 923,769 sq. Author of, Professor of History, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. On December 31, 1983, the military overthrew the Second Republic. Unlike the forest-bound Yoruba kingdoms, Oyo was in the savanna and drew its military strength from its cavalry forces, which established hegemony over the adjacent Nupe and the Borgu kingdoms and thereby developed trade routes farther to the north. 2014. The history of Nigeria can be traced back to as early as 11,000 BC when a number of ancient African communities inhabited the area that now makes Nigeria. Nonetheless, Kano and Katsina, with their famous mosques and schools, came to participate fully in the cultural and intellectual life of the Islamic world. The Nigerian Army, vastly expanded during the war, is both the main support to the FMG and the chief threat to it. The Igl are one of the ethnic groups found in Nigeria. E. Elochukwu Uzukwu [48] These were cancelled due to fraud and subsequent primaries scheduled for September also were cancelled. Rioting broke out in the North. From 1959 to 1960, Jaja Wachuku was the First Nigerian Speaker of the Nigerian Parliament, also called the "House of Representatives." This name was coined on 8 January 1897, by the British journalist Flora Shaw, who later married Frederick Lugard, a British colonial administrator. The central region has hills and plateaus. Lugard. . In the vote, widespread electoral fraud was alleged and riots erupted in the Yoruba West where heartlands of the AG discovered they had apparently elected pro-government NNDP representatives. Others have suggested that the technology moved west from the Nile Valley, although the Iron Age in the Niger River valley and the forest region appears to predate the introduction of metallurgy in the upper savanna by more than 800 years. circa 800 BC - Jos plateau settled by Nok - a neolithic and iron age civilisation. [43] The Fulani began to enter the Hausa country in the 13th century and by the 15th century, they were tending cattle, sheep, and goats in Borno as well. B. Webster, R. J. Gavin, Robert Smith, and John D. Omer-Cooper. The economic collapse of the 1980s also greatly hurt the scholarly community, especially the sharp devaluation of the Nigerian currency. The Etymological Origins of the Word Nigeria The name Niger-ia, or Nigger area was given to that country by the mistress of one of the most evil-minded genocidal murders of Muurs named Lord (Bloodclat!) 4 January 2016. These included Islamic empires in northern Nigeria and smaller organized political groupings in southern Nigeria. ", "Nigeria's economy came through the war in better shape than expected." Although these soils can readily be leached and lose their fertility, they are the most productive agriculturally. ); terracotta; Muse du quai Branly. [104] In May 2010, the Nigerian government learned of Yar'Adua's death after a long battle with existing health problems and an undisclosed illness. The earliest iron technology in West Africa has also been found to be contemporary with or predate that of the Nile valley and North Africa, and some archaeologists believe that iron metallurgy was likely developed independently in sub-Saharan West Africa.[30][29]. This was to commemorate the June 12th election of 1993, and the events that surrounded it. From the outset, Nigeria's ethnic and religious tensions were magnified by the disparities in economic and educational development between the south and the north. Nigeria has a diverse geography, with climates ranging from arid to humid equatorial. [24], Stone axe heads, imported in great quantities from the north and used in opening the forest for agricultural development, were venerated by the Yoruba descendants of Neolithic pioneers as "thunderbolts" hurled to earth by the gods. Evidence of iron smelting has also been excavated at sites in the Nsukka region of southeast Nigeria in what is now Igboland: dating to 2,000 BC at the site of Lejja[28][29] and to 750 BC at the site of Opi. Despite Borno's hegemony the Hausa states continued to wrestle for ascendancy. Nok male figure; terracotta; Detroit Institute of Art (Michigan, USA). On 15 January 1966, a group of army officers (the Young Majors) mostly south-eastern Igbos, overthrew the NPC-NNDP government and assassinated the prime minister and the premiers of the northern and western regions. Kingdoms west of the River Niger like Aboh (Abo), which was significantly populated by Igbos among other tribes, dominated trade along the lower River Niger area from the 17th century until European explorations into the Niger delta. Nok male head; 550-50 BC; terracotta; Brooklyn Museum (New York City, USA). Despite its relative political weakness in this period, Borno's court and mosques under the patronage of a line of scholarly kings earned fame as centres of Islamic culture and learning. Gradually they moved eastward, first into the centers of the Mali and Songhai empires and eventually into Hausaland and Borno. Rather than relaxing colonial strictures in gratitude after the war, the European presence in Africa intensified. In December 1990 the first stage of partisan elections was held at the local government level. According to the Bayajidda legend, the Hausa states were founded by the sons of Bayajidda, a prince whose origin differs by tradition, but official canon records him as the person who married the last Kabara of Daura and heralded the end of the matriarchal monarchs that had erstwhile ruled the Hausa people. However, the bloody nature of the Young Majors coup caused another coup to be carried out by General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. The Yoruba-dominated AG became the opposition under its charismatic leader Chief Obafemi Awolowo. The civil war that disrupted Kanem in the second half of the 14th century resulted in the independence of Borno. In the early 15th century, white men came to Nigeria to explore. Benin exercised considerable influence on the western Igbo, who adopted many of the political structures familiar to the Yoruba-Benin region, but Asaba and its immediate neighbours, such as Ibusa, Ogwashi-Ukwu, Okpanam, Issele-Azagba and Issele-Ukwu, were much closer to the Kingdom of Nri. Their homeland, the former Igala Kingdom, is an approximately triangular area of about 14,000 km2 (5,400 sq mi) in the angle formed by the Benue and Niger rivers. [21][22] Radiocarbon dating of a sample of charcoal found near the site dates the canoe at 8,500 to 8,000 years old, linking the site to Lake Mega Chad. The Yoruba people ( Yoruba: ran Yorb, m Odduw, m Kr-ojire [21]) are a West African ethnic group that mainly inhabit parts of Nigeria, Benin, and Togo. Although these western empires had little political influence on the Nigerian savanna before 1500 they had a strong cultural and economic impact that became more pronounced in the 16th century, especially because these states became associated with the spread of Islam and trade. [94] Abacha dissolved all democratic institutions and replaced elected governors with military officers. In December 1991 state legislative elections were held and Babangida decreed that previously banned politicians could contest in primaries scheduled for August. Queen Elizabeth II was monarch of Nigeria and head of state, and Nigeria was a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. At various moments in their history, the Hausa managed to establish central control over their states, but such unity has always proven short. The use of slave labour was extensive, especially in agriculture."[33]. 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